Graphene has emerged as the most popular topic in the active research field since graphene's discovery in 2004 by Andrei Geim and Kostya Novoselov. Since then, graphene research has exponentially accelerated because of its extraordinary properties, which have attracted the interest of researchers all over the world. For example, among the key properties are its thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and mechanical properties. These remarkable properties of graphene show its promise for applications in different industries including optical electronics, photovoltaic systems and others. However, the large-scale production and transfer method onto target substrates of monolayer graphene for commercial and industrial applications are still under study in the improvement stage. Therefore, this review presents the state-of-the-art research activities and latest advancement in the synthesis of graphene using various carbon precursors including solid, liquid and gas carbon feedstocks. The characterization methods have also been critically discussed in this review. In addition, the advancement in the transfer methods onto target substrates for achieving clean and high-quality transferred graphene have been thoroughly reviewed. Furthermore, the current growth mechanisms of single and multilayer graphene have also been discussed.

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Review of the synthesis, transfer, characterization and growth mechanisms of single and multilayer graphene

Pd nanoparticles decorated poly-methyldopa@GO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode as a new electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and phenylephrine

In this study, a new microbial biosensor based on Bacillus subtilis was developed for sensitive determination of paracetamol. The microbial biosensor was modified by using carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube (cMWCNT) and conductive polymer, polyaniline (PANI) in presence of glutaraldehyde on a gold working electrode. Paracetamol measurements by the microbial biosensor were carried out at 0.5 V applied potential with amperometric method. In the optimization studies of the microbial biosensor, the effect of (amount or concentration of) the bioactive layer components such as MWCNT, PANI, Bacillus sp. were carried out. In addition, working conditions of the microbial biosensor such as pH and temperature were also investigated. In the characterization studies of the biosensor some paramaters such as linearity, reproducibility, storage stability, substrat specificity and interference effect on the biosensor responses were determined. In the reproducibility experiments (n = 7), the average value, standard deviation, (SD) and coefficent of variation (CV%) were calculated to be 250.65 μM, ±1.55, 0.62% for 250 μM paracetamol concentration, consecutively. Detection limit was calculated as 2.9 μM by using visual evaluation mehod. In addition, paracetamol was carried out in drug samples by the developed biosensor.

Development of a new microbial biosensor based on conductive polymer/multiwalled carbon nanotube and its application to paracetamol determination

乙醯氨酚（acetaminophen）肝毒性

Acetaminophen is a very widely used pharmaceutical, consequently it has been detected in the water system. Reliable and robust analytical techniques are thus needed for the detection of acetaminophen, not only for quality control (of pharmaceuticals) and medical control (analysis in biological fluids), but also for environmental matrices. This review gives an overview of analytical methods for acetaminophen using chromatography-mass spectrometry for monitoring aquatic environments, and electrochemical methods for analysis of pharmaceuticals and biological fluids, as well as environmental samples. Other lesser utilized techniques, including spectroscopy and capillary zone electrophoresis, are also discussed. High sensitivity, speed, specificity and reproducibility allow for the utilization of conventional methods for the detection of acetaminophen in routine analysis. However, they are time consuming, expensive and labor intensive. It is envisioned that future research efforts will focus on the development of novel methods and sensor materials to address these limitations.

Analytical techniques for the determination of acetaminophen: A review

A novel,safe and sensitive method of spectrophotometric estimation in UV-region has been developed for the assay of Paracetamol in its tablet formulation. The method have been developed and validated for the assay of Paracetamol using Methanol and water as diluents. Which does not shows any interference in spectrophotometric estimations. All the parameters of the analysis were chosen according to ICH [Q2(R1)] guideline and validated statistically using RSD and %RSD along with neat chromate grams.

Sritoma Banerjee

Papers

UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation of Assay of Paracetamol Tablet Formulation