Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle.

Summary 1. A growing number of ecologists are turning to the enumeration of white blood cells from blood smears (leukocyte profiles) to assess stress in animals. There has been some inconsistency and controversy in the ecological literature, however, regarding their interpretation. The inconsistencies may stem partly from a lack of information regarding how stress affects leukocytes in different taxa, and partly from a failure on the part of researchers in one discipline to consult potentially informative literature from another. 2. Here, we seek to address both issues by reviewing the literature on the leukocyte response to stress, spanning the taxa of mammals (including humans), birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish. 3. We show that much of the early literature points to a close link between leukocyte profiles and glucocorticoid levels. Specifically, these hormones act to increase the number and percentage of neutrophils (heterophils in birds and reptiles), while decreasing the number and percentage of lymphocytes. This phenomenon is seen in all five vertebrate taxa in response to either natural stressors or exogenous administration of stress hormones. For the ecologist, therefore, high ratios of heterophils or neutrophils to lymphocytes (‘H : L’ or ‘N : L’ ratios) in blood samples reliably indicate high glucocorticoid levels. Furthermore, this close relationship between stress hormones and N : L or H : L ratios needs to be highlighted more prominently in haematological assessments of stress, as it aids the interpretation of results. 4. As with hormone assays, there are challenges to overcome in the use of leukocytes profiles to assess levels of stress; however, there are also advantages to this approach, and we outline each. Given the universal and consistent nature of the haematological response to stress, plus the overwhelming evidence from the veterinary, biomedical and ecological literature reviewed here, we conclude that this method can provide a reliable assessment of stress in all vertebrate taxa.

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The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists

https://www.paardenwelzijnscheck.nl/app/webroot/files/ckeditor_files/files/Gezondheid%20en%20gedrag/Mason%20(1991)%20Stereotypies%20-%20A%20critical%20review.pdf

Stereotypies: a critical review.

Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review

The information available on the biological activity of hydrogen sulfide has been examined for present status of critical results pertaining to the toxicity of hydrogen sulfide. This review of the literature is intended as an evaluative report rather than an annotated bibliography of all the source material examined on hydrogen sulfide. The information was selected as it might relate to potential toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide to man and summarized, noting information gaps that may require further investigation. Several recommendations are listed for possible consideration for either toxicological research or additional short- and long-term tests. Two bibliographies have been provided to assist in locating references considered in this report: (1) literature examined but not cited and (2) reference citations. The majority of the references in the first bibliography were considered peripheral information and less appropriate for inclusion in this report.

A Critical Review of the Literature on Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicity

Environmental Management in Animal Agriculture

Multiple Concurrent Stressors in Chicks.3. Effects on Plasma Corticosterone and the Heterophil:Lymphocyte Ratio

Two-hundred eighty crossbred pigs were used to determine the efficacy of hide areas (hides) in reducing young pigs' aggressive activity during social stress and the effect of access to hides on young pigs' productive performance. In Exp. 1, 80 pigs were kept in littermate groups of five/pen in 16 home pens. Then one pig was randomly selected from each of four pens, and the four were regrouped in either a control pen or a pen equipped with three hides (each a 20 X 23 X 25 cm box) in one of the walls. Behavior was time-lapse video-recorded for 90 min. Time spent either eating (head-in-feeder) or lying was not affected by access to hides. Pigs with hides to use in escaping attack fought less during the initial 30 min after regrouping. They spent an average of 5.5% of the time with heads hidden during the entire 90-min observation period. Experiment 2 employed 200 pigs in a performance study designed to evaluate effects of regrouping and access to hides on body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. There were 10 replicates of each of four treatments: (a) regrouped-control pen, (b) regrouped-hide pen, (c) littermates-control pen and (d) littermates-hide pen. During the first 7 d of the 21-d trial, treatments tended to interact in affecting both average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency; littermates in control pens had the highest performance, those regrouped in hide pens were intermediate and those in regrouped-control pen and littermates-hide pen treatment groups had the poorest performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Behavior and Performance of Weanling Pigs in Pens Equipped with Hide Areas

27. Holt Geometry. All rights reserved. Name. Date. Class. LESSON. 10-4. Practice A. Surface Area of 3. surface area of a right prism with lateral area L and base area B. S. L. 2B. 4. surface . Give your answers in terms of . 9. 2 in. 2 in. 10. a . understanding thermal relations between swine and their SA=970 W "633, where SA=swine body sur. Hence, part of the difference between Brody's. find the surface area of the rectangular prism. Name of Surface Area. 2009, TESCCC 08101l09 page 51 0f 84 . Circle: Surface Area or Volume Formula: 2. Surface Area and Volume of Spheres. 3 Find the volume and surface area. 2. . compare, and contrast the words lateral area, base area, and surface area. 2..

Stanley E. Curtis

Papers

Environmental Management in Animal Agriculture

Multiple Concurrent Stressors in Chicks.3. Effects on Plasma Corticosterone and the Heterophil:Lymphocyte Ratio

Behavior and Performance of Weanling Pigs in Pens Equipped with Hide Areas

Body surface area of female swine.

Effects of Aerial Ammonia on Growth and Health of Young Pigs