http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/A/Aquacultural%20Engineering/Vol22.Issue1-2.May2000/1127.pdf

Solids management and removal for intensive land-based aquaculture production systems

The potential for integrated biological treatment systems in recirculating fish culture—A review

Many aquaculture systems generate high amounts of wastewater containing compounds such as suspended solids, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Today, aquaculture is imperative because fish demand is increasing. However, the load of waste is directly proportional to the fish production. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more intensive fish culture with efficient systems for wastewater treatment. A number of physical, chemical and biological methods used in conventional wastewater treatment have been applied in aquaculture systems. Constructed wetlands technology is becoming more and more important in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) because wetlands have proven to be well-established and a cost-effective method for treating wastewater. This review gives an overview about possibilities to avoid the pollution of water resources; it focuses initially on the use of systems combining aquaculture and plants with a historical review of aquaculture and the treatment of its effluents. It discusses the present state, taking into account the load of pollutants in wastewater such as nitrates and phosphates, and finishes with recommendations to prevent or at least reduce the pollution of water resources in the future.

/pdf/sustainable-treatment-of-aquaculture-effluents-what-can-we-2jwtezd714.pdf

Sustainable Treatment of Aquaculture Effluents—What Can We Learn from the Past for the Future?

Summary
The extent of the environmental impact of an aquaculture development is mainly dependent on husbandry, feeding technique, feed composition and site selection. Feed composition, digestibility and feed conversion coefficient are of paramount importance for the level of discharge of wastes derived from fish farming. These determine the release of nutrients (e.g. phosphorus and nitrogen) and organic material. Excretion products (in particular waste feed and faeces) may cause changes in the ecosystem. However, the overall environmental load derived from aquaculture is comparatively small when compared to other waste loads from communities, industries, agriculture and forestry. The amount of phosphorus and nitrogen in feeds has decreased to 1 % and 7%, respectively, while feed conversion efficiency due to high energy feeds has improved to values around 1.2 in most salmon farming operations. This has greatly reduced overall environmental loads, which are presently calculated with 10 kg phosphorus and 60 kg nitrogen per tonne of fish produced. The organic wastes per tonne produced are presently estimated to reach 2500 kg wet weight per tonne live weight fish. System design and site selection are additional important considerations which influence greatly the level of environmental impact. The advantage of land-based systems over water-based systems is the fact that water treatment of effluents is possible in such systems, thereby greatly reduction total loads to receiving waters. The paper mainly focusses on nutritional aspects of environmental load.

The release of nutrients and organic matter from aquaculture systems in Nordic countries

Treatment of rainbow trout farm effluents in constructed wetland with emergent plants and subsurface horizontal water flow

Sludge removal from salmonid tank effluent using rotating microsieves

Measurements of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in commercial-scale, single-pass freshwater and seawater landbased culture systems

Steinar Sanni

Papers

Sludge removal from salmonid tank effluent using rotating microsieves

Measurements of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in commercial-scale, single-pass freshwater and seawater landbased culture systems

Modelling pH and carbon dioxide in single-pass sea-water aquaculture systems