The first social transformation of American medicine institutionally established medicine by the end of World War II. In the next decades, medicalization-the expansion of medical jurisdiction, authority, and practices into new realms-became widespread. Since about 1985, dramatic changes in both the organization and practices of contemporary biomedicine, implemented largely through the integration of technoscientific innovations, have been coalescing into what the authors call biomedicalization, a second transformation of American medicine. Biomedicalization describes the increasingly complex, multisited, multidirectional processes of medicalization, both extended and reconstituted through the new social forms of highly technoscientific biomedicine. The historical shift from medicalization to biomedicalization is one from control over biomedical phenomena to transformations of them. Five key interactive processes both engender biomedicalization and are produced through it: (1) the political economic reconstitution of the vast sector of biomedicine; (2) the focus on health itself and the elaboration of risk and surveillance biomedicines; (3) the increasingly technological and scientific nature of biomedicine; (4) transformations in how biomedical knowledges are produced, distributed, and consumed, and in medical information management; and (5) transformations of bodies to include new properties and the production of new individual and collective technoscientific identities.

Biomedicalization: Technoscientific transformations of health, illness, and U.S. biomedicine.

Although “social support” is present as a theme in many criminological writings, it has not been identified explicitly as a concept capable of organizing theory and research in criminology. Drawing on existing criminological and related writings, this address derives a series of propositions that form the foundation, in a preliminary way, for the “social support paradigm” of the study of crime and control. The overriding contention is that whether social support is delivered through government social programs, communities, social networks, families, interpersonal relations, or agents of the criminal justice system, it reduces criminal involvement. Further, I contend that insofar as the social support paradigm proves to be “Good Criminology”—establishing that nonsupportive policies and conditions are criminogenic—it can provide grounds for creating a more supportive, “Good Society.”

Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: Presidential address to the academy of criminal justice sciences

Social learning theory has remained one of the core criminological paradigms over the last four decades. Although a large body of scholarship has emerged testing various propositions specified by the theory, the empirical status of the theory in its entirety is still unknown. Accordingly, in the present study, we subject this body of empirical literature to a meta‐analysis to assess its empirical status. Results reveal considerable variation in the magnitude and stability of effect sizes for variables specified by social learning theory across different methodological specifications. In particular, relationships of crime/deviance to measures of differential association and definitions (or antisocial attitudes) are quite strong, yet those for differential reinforcement and modeling/imitation are modest at best. Furthermore, effect sizes for differential association, definitions, and differential reinforcement all differed significantly according to variations in model specification and research designs acr...

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The Empirical Status of Social Learning Theory: A Meta‐Analysis

Christopher Lovelock (1994) coined the term jaycustomers to refer to dysfunctional customers who deliberately or unintentionally disrupt service in a manner that negatively affects the organization...

The Consequences of Dysfunctional Customer Behavior

Linkages among biodiversity, livelihood, and tourism.

1. Images Of Deviance And Social Control: An Introduction. 2. The Demonic Perspective: Other Worldly Interpretations Of Deviance. 3. The Classical Perspective: Deviance As Rational Hedonism. 4. The Pathological Perspective: Deviance As Sickness. 5. The Social Disorganization Perspective: Rapid Change And Normative Breakdown In The Slums Of Chicago. 6. The Functionalist Perspective: Cybernetics, Negative Feedback, And The Benefits of Deviance. 7. The Anomie Perspective: Normlessness, Inequality, And Deviant Aspirations. 8. The Learning Perspective: Acquiring Deviance In Association With Others. 9. The Societal Reaction Perspective: Labeling And The Social Construction Of Deviance. 10. Critical Perspectives: Toward A Power-Reflexive Deconstruction Of Deviance And Difference. 11. Critical Perspectives: Social Theory And Social Change.

Stephen J. Pfohl

Papers

Images of Deviance & Social Control: A Sociological History