Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Childhood and Society.

This component analysis used meta-analytic techniques to synthesize the results of 77 published evaluations of parent training programs (i.e., programs that included the active acquisition of parenting skills) to enhance behavior and adjustment in children aged 0-7. Characteristics of program content and delivery method were used to predict effect sizes on measures of parenting behaviors and children's externalizing behavior. After controlling for differences attributable to research design, program components consistently associated with larger effects included increasing positive parent-child interactions and emotional communication skills, teaching parents to use time out and the importance of parenting consistency, and requiring parents to practice new skills with their children during parent training sessions. Program components consistently associated with smaller effects included teaching parents problem solving; teaching parents to promote children's cognitive, academic, or social skills; and providing other, additional services. The results have implications for selection and strengthening of existing parent training programs.

/pdf/a-meta-analytic-review-of-components-associated-with-parent-51n86j7amb.pdf

A Meta-analytic Review of Components Associated with Parent Training Program Effectiveness

A systematic review was conducted to determine the relationship between ratings of children's health-related quality of life (HRQoL) made by parents and children. This was investigated in relation to four questions:- is agreement greater for some domains (e.g. physical HRQoL) than others?; do parents perceive illness to have a greater impact than their child?; how is agreement affected by child age, gender and illness status?; and is the relationship between proxy ratings affected by the method of data collection? Fourteen studies were identified. Consistent with previous research, there was greater agreement for observable functioning (e.g. physical HRQoL), and less for non-observable functioning (e.g. emotional or social HRQoL). Three studies assessed whether parents perceive the illness to have a greater impact than their child, but no clear conclusions could be drawn given differences in measures used. Agreement is better between parents and chronically sick children compared with parents and their healthy children, but no effects were found for age or gender. All of these results may be dependent on the specific measure of HRQoL employed. There remain strong arguments for obtaining information from both parents and children whenever possible.

Can parents rate their child's health-related quality of life? Results of a systematic review.

This article reviews the literature from 1996 to 2007 to update the 1998 Brestan and Eyberg report on evidence-based psychosocial treatments (EBTs) for child and adolescent disruptive behavior, including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Studies were evaluated using criteria for EBTs developed by the task force on promotion and dissemination of psychological procedures (Chambless et al., 1998; Chambless et al., 1996). Sixteen EBTs were identified in this review, up from 12 in the earlier report, and 9 “possibly efficacious” treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) were identified as well. This article describes the EBTs and their evidence base and covers research on moderators and mediators of treatment outcome, as well as the clinical representativeness and generalizability of the studies. Best practice recommendations from the current evidence base also are offered, as well as calls for future research that increases understanding of the moderators and mechanisms of change for children an...

http://files.institutodepsiquiatria.webnode.com/200000105-8a6318dc7b/tratamento%20pisicossocial%20do%20TOD.pdf

Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents With Disruptive Behavior

When important decisions are to be made, the patient must receive detailed information on the illness, treatment options and prognosis. The shortening of hospital stays and the trend towards outpatient care enhance the need of patients and their families for specific information.1 Practitioners are responding to these demands, yet the amount of information correctly recalled by patients is strikingly small.2 In this review I examine empirical evidence concerning the obstacles to memory for medical information and offer some suggestions for overcoming them.

Clearly, memory for medical information is a prerequisite for good adherence to recommended treatment. Ley's3 model on effective communication in medical practice (see Figure 1) stresses the importance of memory next to factors such as the understanding of information and satisfaction with the treatment. 40-80% of medical information provided by healthcare practitioners is forgotten immediately. The greater the amount of information presented, the lower the proportion correctly recalled;4 furthermore, almost half of the information that is remembered is incorrect.5 For the forgetting of information there are three basic types of explanation—first, factors related to the clinician, such as use of difficult medical terminology; second, the mode of information (e.g. spoken versus written); and, third, factors related to the patient, such as low education or specific expectations.6 Here, I discuss only the second and third, since the communication skills of clinicians have been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere.7,8



Figure 1

Overview of Ley's model on the interactions between patient-related factors and therapy adherence (see Ref. 3)

https://jrs.sagepub.com/content/96/5/219.full.pdf

Patients' memory for medical information.

Describes interim results of a study examining the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) with families of preschool-age children with oppositional defiant disorder. Following an initial assessment, 64 clinic-referred families were randomly assigned to an immediate treatment (i.t.) or a wait-list control (WL) condition. Results indicated that parents in the IT condition interacted more positively with their child and were more successful in gaining their child's compliance than parents in the WL condition. In addition, parents who received treatment reported decreased parenting stress and a more internal locus of control. Parents in the IT group reported statistically and clinically significant improvements in their child's behavior following PCIT. All families who received treatment reported high levels of satisfaction with both the content and process of PCIT. Preliminary 4-month follow-up data showed that parents maintained gains on all self-report measures.

Efficacy of parent-child interaction therapy: interim report of a randomized trial with short-term maintenance.

This article describes a treatment project designed to examine the effectiveness and generalization of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) with families of preschool-aged children with conduct problem behavior The importance of early intervention and issues related to measurement of change in these young children and their families are discussed The treatment program and the study design are described, with particular emphasis on the measures used to assess treatment outcome The sensitivity of the measures to change is illustrated with data from the first few families who have completed treatment

Parent-child interaction therapy: a psychosocial model for the treatment of young children with conduct problem behavior and their families.

Manual for the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System

Examined the concurrent validity of the Problem and Intensity scales of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI), using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) as the criterion measure. Subjects were 159 children ages 4 to 16 referred for psychological evaluation between 1985 and 1988 for whom both the ECBI and CBCL had been completed. ECBI scales were correlated with both the Internalizing and Externalizing scales of the CBCL but were significantly more highly correlated with the Externalizing scale. Results supported the validity of the ECBI as a concise measure of childhood conduct-problem behaviors.

Stephen R. Boggs

Papers

Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents With Disruptive Behavior

Efficacy of parent-child interaction therapy: interim report of a randomized trial with short-term maintenance.

Parent-child interaction therapy: a psychosocial model for the treatment of young children with conduct problem behavior and their families.

Manual for the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System

Concurrent Validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory