A review of salt scaling: I. Phenomenology

1. Introduction 2. Constituent Materials 3. Mixture Development and Evaluation 4. Properties 5. Specifications 6. Production and Delivery 7. Placement Consolidation and Finishing 8. Curing 9.Quality Control and Testing 10. Problem Solving 11. Summary

High-Strength Concrete: A Practical Guide

Frost resistant concrete

This paper presents a review of the properties of fresh concrete including workability, heat of hydration, setting time, bleeding, and reactivity by using mineral admixtures fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA). Comparison of normal and high-strength concrete in which cement has been partially supplemented by mineral admixture has been considered. It has been concluded that mineral admixtures may be categorized into two groups: chemically active mineral admixtures and microfiller mineral admixtures. Chemically active mineral admixtures decrease workability and setting time of concrete but increase the heat of hydration and reactivity. On the other hand, microfiller mineral admixtures increase workability and setting time of concrete but decrease the heat of hydration and reactivity. In general, small particle size and higher specific surface area of mineral admixture are favourable to produce highly dense and impermeable concrete; however, they cause low workability and demand more water which may be offset by adding effective superplasticizer.

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Effects of Different Mineral Admixtures on the Properties of Fresh Concrete

https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/10474/1/FullText.pdf

Fracture and impact properties of short discrete jute fibre-reinforced cementitious composites

Concrete containing both portland cement and fly ash were evaluated to determine the effect of fly ash on air-void stability. Tests indicate that air contents of concrete containing Class C fly ash appear to be more stable than those of concrete containing Class F fly ash. The higher the organic matter content of a fly ash, the higher will be the air-entraining admixture requirement for concrete in which the admixture is used. The higher the air-entraining admixture requirement, the greater is the air loss on extended mixing. Even though the air volume is reduced the spacing factor, specific surface, and number of voids are little affected. The "Foam Index" test was conducted and found to be a satisfactory method for checking air-entraining admixture requirements. (Author)

Effect of Fly Ash on the Air-Void Stability of Concrete

Effect of Fly Ash on Physical Properties of Concrete

Tests were performed under separate contracts at different times for three manufacturers of ground granulated blast-furnace slag to determine the performance of their products with portland cement. Physical tests were performed on pastes, mortars, and concretes to determine both freshly mixed and hardened properties. The effects of gypsum addition, fineness of slag, and levels of replacement in cement-slag combinations were evaluated. Physical tests performed on pastes and mortars included time of setting, compressive strength, and volume stability. In the mortar compressive strength series, various curing regimens were evaluated with respect to strength development. Included were normal moist curing at 23°C (73°F) and 4.4°C (40°F) and 100% relative humidity, and accelerated atmospheric curing [71°C (160°F)] and 100% relative humidity. Tests conducted on concretes containing slag included compressive strength, freeze-thaw durability, and resistance to deicer chemicals (scaling). Measurements of air-void systems of hardened concretes were made. Results generally show that use of slag can be beneficial without resulting in significant technical problems or adverse construction problems.

Steven H. Gebler

Papers

Effect of Fly Ash on the Air-Void Stability of Concrete

Effect of Fly Ash on Physical Properties of Concrete

Effects of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slags on Some Properties of Pastes, Mortars, and Concretes