Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Pp. viii, 282. £3·50, paperback £1. 1970. (Cambridge University Press.)

The theory of affordances

[서평]「The Unified Modeling Language User Guide」

Cognitive engineering

Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences

We describe an approach for developing explanation facilities for cognitive architectures based on techniques drawn from object- and aspect-oriented software engineering. We examine the use of responsibility-driven design augmented with scenario-based techniques and classresponsibility-collaboration (CRC) cards to identify explanation behaviors for cognitive model elements, and discuss the explanation benefits derived from encapsulating model behaviors within aspects. Soar is used an example cognitive architecture, but the methods and results as illustrated would apply to any of the other architectures commonly used to development psychologically plausible intelligent systems.

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Responsibility-Driven Explanation Engineering for Cognitive Models

The following introduces CaDaDis, an extension to the architecture-independent VISTA toolkit. CaDaDis creates visible accounts of cognitive model behavior through a set of Categorical Data Displays. It includes a standard Pert Chart showing tasks by category (or resource), a Nonstandard Pert Chart that shows the temporal dependencies, and a Gantt chart that helps show occurrences of agent events along a time line. Perhaps most usefully, it can display categorical and numeric data generated by models as they run. Structured messages are sent on behalf of the cognitive model by several example script-based interfaces. This paper presents a series of examples of CaDaDis with three different cognitive architectures. The displays, for example, show that the sample models included in the Soar distribution have different structures.

Categorical Data Displays Generated from Three Cognitive Architectures Illustrate Their Behavior.

This paper describes an early-stage investigation into approaches and tools to collect, manage, and deliver institutional metrics to the senior command of the United States Marine Corps. The paper describes how contemporary approaches to institutional metrics and supporting tools from more traditional organizations were adapted to Marine Corps priorities. The study explores current institutional metrics strategies with a particular emphasis on the balanced scorecard approach, deemed most relevant because of its focus on strategic alignment and its applicability to noncommercial organizations. The literature on performance measurement for industry, not-for-profit organizations, and government/military institutions is reviewed along with Marine Corps strategy publications, campaign plans, and other doctrinal documents as the basis for a set of sample metrics to act as a 'strawperson' for further development. The different software metrics tools that may be used to manage the information required to support institutional metrics programs are reviewed as are approaches to managing a successful institutional metrics program.

/pdf/institutional-metrics-for-the-united-states-marine-corps-153ulfnfyf.pdf

Institutional metrics for the United States Marine Corps

This paper describes an approach to training emergency responders for mass casualty incidents. The approach is derived from a methodology and supporting software system called Summit. The Summit approach uses an integration of scenarios, hierarchical task analysis, interaction modeling, and expected utility theory to represent how actors engage in complex tasks; here we model mass casualty incident (MCI) activities supported by interactive technologies. Our goal is to ground MCI training in realistic scenarios and to demonstrate required response capabilities through associated hierarchical task analyses (HTA). The terminal nodes in an HTA are interactions, that provide a fine-grained model of the actors, technologies, data, and methods involved in realizing the required capability. The components of an interaction may have associated utility factors (benefits, costs, and risks) that provide learners with a rationale-based resource for understanding how different technologies are used to support MCI response efforts. Assessment of the approach is underway within a local EMS organization.

Utility-theoretic training for mass casualty incidents

This paper describes a case study focused on identifying and modeling opportunities to support emergency medical services (EMS) with next-generation interactive technologies. The method used is a novel integration of different approaches including scenario-based design, task analysis, and utility-based interaction modeling. The goal of the project is to develop a structured model of EMS activity and to identify where and how this activity can be supported with current and emerging information technologies. Of particular importance is identifying tasks with the highest potential for meaningful use of these technologies. The SUMMIT method and tool set is being used to model meaningful use as a function of the overall utility (benefits, costs, and risks) potentially derived from technology support. The paper provides a description and rationale for the approach and gives lessons learned from the early phases of the project. The SUMMIT approach may be generally useful for organizations that need to understand how new interactive technologies might provide meaningful support for healthcare operations. These models may also be an effective resource for promoting continuous learning and reflection on EMS skills.

Steven R. Haynes

Papers

Responsibility-Driven Explanation Engineering for Cognitive Models

Categorical Data Displays Generated from Three Cognitive Architectures Illustrate Their Behavior.

Institutional metrics for the United States Marine Corps

Utility-theoretic training for mass casualty incidents

Modeling Meaningful Use as Utility in Emergency Medical Services