An endophytic fungus is a very great microbe that can grow in all parts of plant, root, stem, leaf, and fruit. These fungi are alive inside the plant as symbiosis or mutualism. Through the life cycle of this type of fungi inside plant is coming from secreting secondary metabolite compounds that possible utilizing for plant and other fields. Many of these compounds can be a novel product. Therefore, this chapter offers the patents recently to show its importance for plants, industry, medicine, and ecosystem. Patents showed some of the novel isolates as genera Neotyphodium sp., Muscodor sp., Curvularia sp., and Fusarium sp. Also, many natural compounds were discovered as pyrrolizidine alkaloid, pericoannosin A, praeruptorin C, cytosporaphenone A, etc. There are many companies using these patents prepared in special formula to sell in international markets. This possibility is helpful to enhance the resistance of plants and humans from diseases without occurrence of any collateral damages. The international markets and research centers work together with patent may bring several new products of new strains or isolates and also new secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi to the markets. That can utilizing in different industries like as biopesticdes, and others that useful and to get the consumer confidence.

Recent Patents on Endophytic Fungi and Their International Market

Crossing the species barrier: Investigating vertical transmission of a fungal endophyte from tall fescue within a novel ryegrass association

Crossing the species barrier: investigating vertical transmission of a fungal endophyte from tall fescue within a novel ryegrass association

The invention discloses a method for fast and stable separation and identification of an Ustilago esculenta sexual compatible haploid strain and belongs to the technical field of biology. The method comprises 1, teleutospore collection, 2, teleutospore suspension preparation, 3, teleutospore culture, 4, single spore isolation culture, 5, microscopic observation, 6, sexual compatible bacterial strain screening and 7, PCR identification. The method can fast and stably screen an Ustilago esculenta sexual compatible haploid strain. Through combination of experiment primary screening and mating type gene PCR verification, a paired sexual compatible haploid strain can be accurately obtained.

Method for fast and stable separation and identification of Ustilago esculenta sexual compatible haploid strain

Asexual Epichloë are endophytic fungi that form mutualistic symbioses with cool-season grasses, conferring to their hosts protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Symbioses are maintained between grass generations as hyphae are vertically transmitted from parent to progeny plants through seed. However, endophyte transmission to the seed is an imperfect process where not all seeds become infected. The mechanisms underpinning the varying efficiencies of seed transmission are poorly understood. Host gene expression in response to Epichloë sp. LpTG-3 strain AR37 was examined within inflorescence primordia and ovaries of high and low endophyte transmission genotypes within a single population of perennial ryegrass. A genome-wide association study was conducted to identify population-level single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and associated genes correlated with vertical transmission efficiency. For low transmitters of AR37, upregulation of perennial ryegrass receptor-like kinases and resistance genes, typically associated with phytopathogen detection, comprised the largest group of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both inflorescence primordia and ovaries. DEGs involved in signaling and plant defense responses, such as cell wall modification, secondary metabolism, and reactive oxygen activities were also abundant. Transmission-associated SNPs were associated with genes for which gene ontology analysis identified “response to fungus” as the most significantly enriched term. Moreover, endophyte biomass as measured by quantitative PCR of Epichloë non-ribosomal peptide synthetase genes, was significantly lower in reproductive tissues of low-transmission hosts compared to high-transmission hosts. Endophyte seed-transmission efficiency appears to be influenced primarily by plant defense responses which reduce endophyte colonization of host reproductive tissues.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1025698/pdf

Epichloë seed transmission efficiency is influenced by plant defense response mechanisms

The invention discloses tilletiopsis pallescens 17wy1, a microbial preparation thereof and application thereof in preventing wheat powdery mildew, which aims at solving the technical problem of chemical prevention harm. A preservation number of the tilletiopsis pallescens is CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No.14148, the microbial preparation thereof comprises the tilletiopsis pallescens 17wy1 or/and a metabolism product thereof. A preparation method of the microbial preparation comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a seed culture; (2) preparing a fermentation solution; and (3) preparing the preparation. When being used for inhibiting the germination and growth and proliferation of wheat powdery mildew conidium, the microbial preparation comprising thetilletiopsis pallescens 17wy1 or/and metabolism product thereof has an antagonistic action on the germination and growth of the wheat powdery mildew conidium, and has a good effect of preventing in-vitro and in-vivo powdery mildew on wheat leaves. Raw materials used in the invention are low in cost and safe to the environment, so that the agricultural safety potential danger is avoided, and the tilletiopsis pallescens can be developed as a wheat powdery mildew preventive agent.

Tilletiopsis pallescens 17wy1, microbial preparation thereof and application thereof in preventing wheat powdery mildew

The present invention relates generally to at least one epichloae fungal endophyte strain which when combined with at least one species of Secale spp. confers at least some level of pest protection on the Secale spp. plant. In particular the invention relates to an isolated strain of epichloae fungal endophyte selected from the group consisting of AR3039 (NRRL# 50716), AR3046 (NRRL# 50576), AR3049 (NRRL#50577), AR3050 (NRRL# 50578), AR3064 (NRRL# 50718), AR3067 (NRRL# 50719), AR3068 (NRRL# 50720), AR3073 (NRRL# 50721), AR3074 (NRRL# 50722), AR3076 (NRRL# 50723), and AR3078 (NRRL# 50724), and combinations thereof, to a Secale spp. plant infected with a fungal endophyte wherein Secale spp. is not a natural host of the endophyte, to a method of making a stable host plant/epichloae fungal endophyte combination, to a method of conferring at least some level of pest protection on a host Secale spp. plant, and to a Secale spp. seed infected with an epichloae fungal endophyte.

Improved fungal endophytes

Asexual Epichloe are obligate fungal mutualists that form symbiosis with many temperate grass species, providing several advantages to the host. These advantages include protection against vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores (i.e., grazing livestock and invertebrate pests, respectively), improved resistance to phytopathogens, increased adaptation to drought stress, nutrient deficiency, and heavy metal-containing soils. Selected Epichloe strains are utilised in agriculture mainly for their pest resistance traits, which are moderated via the production of Epichloe-derived secondary metabolites. For pastoral agriculture, the use of these endophyte infected grasses requires the balancing of protection against insect pests with reduced impacts on animal health and welfare.

Asexual Epichloë Fungi—Obligate Mutualists

Seed Hunting: Securing Germplasm for the Future of Agriculture

FIELD: biotechnology; agriculture.SUBSTANCE: disclosed are epichloe fungal endophyte strains Epichloe/Neotyphodium spp., which represents NRRL# 50716, NRRL# 50576, NRRL# 50577, NRRL# 50578, NRRL# 50718, NRRL# 50719, NRRL# 50720, NRRL# 50721, NRRL# 50722, NRRL# 50723 or NRRL# 50724, or combinations thereof, to artificially infect a Secale spp. plant or Secale spp seed. Also disclosed are a Secale spp. plant infected with said epichloe fungal endophyte, wherein said Secale spp. plant is not a natural endophyte host, a method for producing a stable combination of a host plant and an epichloe fungal endophyte, a method of protecting a Secale spp. host plant from pests and Secale spp. plant seeds, infected with the epichloe fungal endophyte.EFFECT: invention enables to obtain a stable combination of a Secale spp. plant and fungal endophyte, which is highly resistant to one or more pests or has high resistance to plant disease, or resistance to pests, and disease compared with Secale spp., which is not infected with a fungal endophyte, wherein the plant and the endophyte form a stable symbiotic association which ensures that the plant goes through its normal life cycle.58 cl, 5 dwg, 12 tbl, 14 ex

Stuart Douglas Card

Papers

Improved fungal endophytes

Asexual Epichloë Fungi—Obligate Mutualists

Seed Hunting: Securing Germplasm for the Future of Agriculture

Fungal endophytes epichloe / neotyphodium spp. for artificial infection of secale spp. and use thereof