\n Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) has gained its popularity as a powerful technology for monitoring oceans, sea and river. The sensor node drifting along with ocean current offers 4D (space and time) monitoring for real-time underwater application. However, the main challenge arises from the underwater acoustic communication that results in high propagation delay, packet loss and overhead in the network. In order to overcome these issues, a depth adjustment and void aware pressure routing protocol is proposed for UWSN. A greedy forwarding strategy is used to forward the packet. In case a node fails to forward the packet using greedy forwarding strategy, then it immediately switches to the recovery mode. In the recovery mode, the node determines the new depth using particle swarm optimization technique. The global best value gives the new depth with minimum displacement. The void node forwards the packet with minimum displacement without any packet loss and delay.

Performance Evaluation of Depth Adjustment and Void Aware Pressure Routing (DA-VAPR) Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Generally, the radio channel quality of a wireless sensor network (WSN) is unstable in harsh environment. For instance, in maritime search and rescue, the nodes of WSN move dynamically, the topology changes with respect to the time and the communication link changes frequently as well. What is more, the given communication distance of nodes can limit the efficiency of routing. In view of these characteristics of wireless sensor networks in a harsh environment, environment adaptive clustering opportunistic routing protocol (EA-COR) is proposed in this paper to improve the unstable communication quality of harsh environment. EA-COR is based on the idea of clustering which combines with the advantages of opportunistic routing. Simulation results show that in a harsh environment EA-COR performs better than the traditional clustering routing and opportunistic routing in the aspects of network throughput, energy efficiency, and packet transmission efficiency

Su Nie

Papers

EA-COR: An Environment Adaptive Clustering Opportunistic Routing Protocol of WSN