Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans (Glycine max. L.) [Egypt].

Crop plants have evolved an array of mechanisms to counter biotic and abiotic stresses. Many pathogenesis-related proteins are expressed by plants during the attack of pathogens. Advances in recombinant DNA technology and understanding of plant-microbe interactions at the molecular level have paved the way for isolation and characterization of genes encoding such proteins, including chitinases. Chitinases are included in families 18 and 19 of glycosyl hydrolases (according to www.cazy.org ) and they are further categorized into seven major classes based on their aminoacid sequence homology, three-dimensional structures, and hydrolytic mechanisms of catalytic reactions. Although chitin is not a component of plant cell walls, plant chitinases are involved in development and non-specific stress responses. Also, chitinase genes sourced from plants have been successfully over-expressed in crop plants to combat fungal pathogens. Crops such as tomato, potato, maize, groundnut, mustard, finger millet, cotton, lychee, banana, grape, wheat and rice have been successfully engineered for fungal resistance either with chitinase alone or in combination with other PR proteins.

Transgenic expression of plant chitinases to enhance disease resistance.

Tulsi, also known as holy basil, is indigenous to the Indian continent and highly revered for its medicinal uses within the Ayurvedic and Siddha medical systems. Many in vitro, animal and human studies attest to tulsi having multiple therapeutic actions including adaptogenic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and immunomodulatory effects, yet to date there are no systematic reviews of human research on tulsi’s clinical efficacy and safety. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of human studies that reported on a clinical outcome after ingestion of tulsi. We searched for studies published in books, theses, conference proceedings, and electronic databases including Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Embase, Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, and Indian Medical databases. A total of 24 studies were identified that reported therapeutic effects on metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, immunity, and neurocognition. All studies reported favourable clinical outcomes with no studies reporting any significant adverse events. The reviewed studies reinforce traditional uses and suggest tulsi is an effective treatment for lifestyle-related chronic diseases including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and psychological stress. Further studies are required to explore mechanisms of action, clarify the dosage and dose form, and determine the populations most likely to benefit from tulsi’s therapeutic effects.

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The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tulsi in Humans: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

High yielding rice varieties are usually low in grain iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content. These two micronutrients are involved in many enzymatic activities, lack of which cause many disorders in human body. Bio-fortification is a cheaper and easier way to improve the content of these nutrients in rice grain. A population panel was prepared representing all the phenotypic classes for grain Fe-Zn content from 485 germplasm lines. The panel was studied for genetic diversity, population structure and association mapping of grain Fe-Zn content in the milled rice. The population showed linkage disequilibrium showing deviation of Hardy-Weinberg’s expectation for Fe-Zn content in rice. Population structure at K = 3 categorized the panel population into distinct sub-populations corroborating with their grain Fe-Zn content. STRUCTURE analysis revealed a common primary ancestor for each sub-population. Novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs) namely qFe3.3 and qFe7.3 for grain Fe and qZn2.2, qZn8.3 and qZn12.3 for Zn content were detected using association mapping. Four QTLs, namely qFe3.3, qFe7.3, qFe8.1 and qFe12.2 for grain Fe content were detected to be co-localized with qZn3.1, qZn7, qZn8.3 and qZn12.3 QTLs controlling grain Zn content, respectively. Additionally, some Fe-Zn controlling QTLs were co-localized with the yield component QTLs, qTBGW, OsSPL14 and qPN. The QTLs qFe1.1, qFe3.1, qFe5.1, qFe7.1, qFe8.1, qZn6, qZn7 and gRMm9–1 for grain Fe-Zn content reported in earlier studies were validated in this study. Novel QTLs, qFe3.3 and qFe7.3 for grain Fe and qZn2.2, qZn8.3 and qZn12.3 for Zn content were detected for these two traits. Four Fe-Zn controlling QTLs and few yield component QTLs were detected to be co-localized. The QTLs, qFe1.1, qFe3.1, qFe5.1, qFe7.1, qFe8.1, qFe3.3, qFe7.3, qZn6, qZn7, qZn2.2, qZn8.3 and qZn12.3 will be useful for biofortification of the micronutrients. Simultaneous enhancement of Fe-Zn content may be possible with yield component traits in rice.

/pdf/linkage-disequilibrium-mapping-for-grain-fe-and-zn-enhancing-36a2dbjl9k.pdf

Linkage disequilibrium mapping for grain Fe and Zn enhancing QTLs useful for nutrient dense rice breeding

Diversity of the genus Ocimum (Lamiaceae) through morpho-molecular (RAPD) and chemical (GC–MS) analysis

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is a most important staple food crop of the world because more than half of the World’s population is dependent on it for their livelihood. Global rice production must be doubled by 2050 to cope up with the situation of population growth. Narrow genetic base in the released varieties has made the improvement in plateaus. Widening the genetic base is necessary to overcome the yield barrier. Hybridization and pre-breeding has been carried out to broaden the genetic base. Heritability and genetic advances were measured in the F5 lines (Tulaipanji × IR64), F3 lines (Tulaipanji × IR64 × PB1460), and F3 lines (Badshabhog × Swarna sub1). Some of the breeding lines were showing promising field performance with high yield potentiality. Wide crosses were performed to widen the genetic base between (Ranjit × O. rufipogon) and (Badshabhog × O. rufipogon) and the heritability pattern of the morphological characteristics in the progeny lines was evaluated. Nutritional quality of the rice grain is totally dependent on the morphology and histological characteristics of the caryopsis which are genetically determined. Caryopses ultrastructural analyses were carried out in seventeen different rice breeding lines through SEM. SEM analysis showed distinguishing ultrastructure in respect to pericarp, testa, aleurone layer, protein bodies and starchy endosperm in the breeding lines with distinctive inheritance pattern. This study provides information about the cross compatibility of the wide hybridization and heritability measures of the morphological traits which may supplement the breeding program to break the yield plateaus.

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Assessment of Genetic Heritability in Rice Breeding Lines Based on Morphological Traits and Caryopsis Ultrastructure.

Genetic resources of landraces (84 cultivars) were collected from various agro-ecological regions of West Bengal and adjoining areas and characterized based on qualitative and quantitative agro-morphological descriptors along with zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) content. The DUS protocol was employed to study 16 agro-morphological passport data such as: vegetative data (anthocyanin pigmentation, plant habit), reproductive data (flag leaf attitude, stigma colour, panicle attitude), including eight grain quality traits: grain length, grain width, 1000 grains weight, kernel length, kernel breadth etc. Highest seed weight was found in cultivar Khechri (32.04 g/1000 seeds), collected from Sundarban and least seed weight was 9.6 g/1000seeds in Katharibhog. Maturity duration was found very short ( 2 cm) in one cultivar Jungli (2.3 cm). Seeds per panicle were 180 in Chinisakkar (medium range), 177 in Dudheswar, and 151 in Ladua. Flag leaf was found in erect condition in late observation in Dudheswar, Enda and Ghiosh. Seventeen cultivars were grouped in the aromatic rice category out of total 84 local landraces. Twenty-one cultivars were with awn, whose length ranges from 1.6 mm (Anandi) to 22.5 mm (Tulaipanji). Kernel colour varies from red, yellowish, brownish, creamy white to white. Kernel length varies from 4 mm to 8 mm and breadth 1.90 mm to 3 mm. Kernel length/breadth ration varied from 1.6 to 3.9. Highest ratio of L/B was found in Pusa Basmati 1(3.9) and lowest in Dudhey (1.6). Elongation ration was highest in Kalokure (2.07) and lowest in Phoolpakri (0.62). Nutritional values of mineral contents of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were estimated in all cultivars by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometic method. Iron concentration varies from 0.25 μg/g to 34.8 μg/g and zinc from 0.85 μg/g to 195.3 μg/g in the landraces. Highest iron containing rice was Swetonunia with 34.8 μg/g and highest amount of Zn was found in Nepali Kalam which was 195.3 μg/g. Anaerobic germination (AG) was observed in 18 cultivars among 84 land races (viz. Jungli, Kumrogore, Dudheshwar, Rambhog and Tulsi etc.), the trait is highly desired by the rice breeder for the introgression of this gene (QTL) to the HYV for direct seeding in the field for saving labour cost and reduced maturity time. Dendrogram showed genetic diversity among 84 landraces by grouping them into five major clusters. All the descriptors evaluated in this study have showed that there is enough genetic diversity among landraces and this information can be helpful to the breeders to choose the right parent for crop improvement.

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Assessment of genetic diversity in rice [Oryza sativa L.] germplasm based on agro-morphology traits and zinc-iron content for crop improvement.

Genetic diversity was assessed in the four orchid species using NGS based ddRAD sequencing data. The assembled nucleotide sequences (fastq) were deposited in the SRA archive of NCBI Database with accession number (SRP063543 for Dendrobium, SRP065790 for Geodorum, SRP072201 for Cymbidium and SRP072378 for Rhynchostylis). Total base pair read was 1.1 Mbp in case of Dendrobium sp., 553.3 Kbp for Geodorum sp., 1.6 Gbp for Cymbidium, and 1.4 Gbp for Rhynchostylis. Average GC% was 43.9 in Geodorum, 43.7% in Dendrobium, 41.2% in Cymbidium and 42.3% in Rhynchostylis. Four partial gene sequences were used in DnaSP5 program for nucleotide diversity and phylogenetic relationship determination (Ycf2 gene of Dendrobium, matK gene of Geodorum, psbD gene of Cymbidium and Ycf2 gene of Ryhnchostylis). Nucleotide diversity (per site) Pi (π) was 0.10560 in Dendrobium, 0.03586 in Geodorum, 0.01364 in Cymbidium and 0.011344 in Rhynchostylis. Neutrality test statistics showed the negative value in all the four orchid species (Tajima’s D value −2.17959 in Dendrobium, −2.01655 in Geodorum, −2.12362 in Rhynchostylis and −1.54222 in Cymbidium) indicating the purifying selection. Result for these gene sequences (matK and Ycf2 and psbD) indicate that they were not evolved neutrally, but signifying that selection might have played a role in evolution of these genes in these four groups of orchids. Phylogenetic relationship was analyzed by reconstructing dendrogram based on the matK, psbD and Ycf2 gene sequences using maximum likelihood method in MEGA6 program.

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Assessment of genetic diversity among four orchids based on ddRAD sequencing data for conservation purposes

Chitinase gene (Pr-3) specific transcript accumulation was increased by 5.57% in mature leaf compared to the other in vitro grown tissues in tea (Camellia sinensis) genotype (T383) during induced systemic resistance by methyl jasmonate. Chitinase (Pr-protein) gene specific two primers were used in RT-PCR reaction to measure the differential transcript accumulation in different tissue systems (young leaf, mature leaf, callus and shoot regenerated from somatic embryo). The time-course expression patterns resulted in differential expression of two transcripts (254 & 366 bp) in response to induction. The 366 bp transcript was sequenced bidirectionally and deposited into the GenBank of NCBI (acc.no. EU373553).

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/14011/1/IJBT%2011%282%29%20142-147.pdf

Analysis of chitinase gene specific transcript accumulation in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) during induced systemic resistance by methyl jasmonate

Subhas Chandra Roy

Papers

Diversity of the genus Ocimum (Lamiaceae) through morpho-molecular (RAPD) and chemical (GC–MS) analysis

Assessment of Genetic Heritability in Rice Breeding Lines Based on Morphological Traits and Caryopsis Ultrastructure.

Assessment of genetic diversity in rice [Oryza sativa L.] germplasm based on agro-morphology traits and zinc-iron content for crop improvement.

Assessment of genetic diversity among four orchids based on ddRAD sequencing data for conservation purposes

Analysis of chitinase gene specific transcript accumulation in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) during induced systemic resistance by methyl jasmonate