Hypothetical Proteins are the proteins that are predicted to be expressed from an open reading frame (ORF), constituting a substantial fraction of proteomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genome projects have led to the identification of many therapeutic targets, the putative function of the protein and their interactions. In this review we have enlisted various methods. Annotation linked to structural and functional prediction of hypothetical proteins assist in the discovery of new structures and functions serving as markers and pharmacological targets for drug designing, discovery and screening. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique for validating protein characterisation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is an efficient analytical method. Microarrays and Protein expression profiles help understanding the biological systems through a systems-wide study of proteins and their interactions with other proteins and non-proteinaceous molecules to control complex processes in cells and tissues and even whole organism. Next generation sequencing technology accelerates multiple areas of genomics research.

Annotation and curation of uncharacterized proteins- challenges

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effect of a traditional unani formulation “Qurs Tabasheer” in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic wistar rats. Up till now no study was undertaken to appraise the efficacy of “Qurs Tabasheer” in the diabetic rats. Qurs Tabasheer is a unani formulation restraining preparations from five various herbs namely Tukhme Khurfa (Portulaca oleracea seed), Gule Surkh (Rosa damascena flower), Gulnar (Punica granatum flower), Tabasheer (Bambusa arundinasia dried exudate on node), Tukhme Kahu (Lactuca sativa Linn seed). Effect of Qurs Tabasheer was assessed in STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p single shot) induced diabetic wistar rats. STZ produced a marked increase in the serum glucose, Total Cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL Cholesterol, Triglycerides and trim down the HDL level. We have weighed up the effect of Qurs Tabasheer on hepatic activity through estimating levels of various liver enzymes viz. Hexokinase, Glucose-6-Phosphatase and Fructose-1-6-biphosphatase in STZ diabetic wistar rats. In STZ-induced diabetic wistar rats level of Hexokinase, and Glucose-6-Phosphatase was decreased to a significant level while the level of fructose-1-6-biphophatase was augmented. Therapy with Qurs Tabasheer for 28 days to STZ-induced diabetic rats significantly reduces the level of serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1-6-biphosphatase, while magnitude of HDL cholesterol and hexokinase was amplified. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic activity of Qurs Tabasheer extract in STZ- induced wistar rats was found to be more effective than standard oral hypoglycemic drug Glimepiride.

/pdf/improved-glycemic-control-pancreas-protective-and-4b106kck6i.pdf

Improved glycemic control, pancreas protective and hepatoprotective effect by traditional poly-herbal formulation “Qurs Tabasheer” in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/423/pdf

Vaccine design from the ensemble of surface glycoprotein epitopes of SARS-CoV-2: An immunoinformatics approach

The aim of the present study was to compare the in vitro inhibitory effects on the salivary and pancreatic α-amylases and the in vivo hypoglycemic actions of the hydrolysable tannin from Chinese natural gall and the condensed tannin from Acacia mearnsii. The human salivary α-amylase was more strongly inhibited by the hydrolysable than by the condensed tannin, with the concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50) being 47.0 and 285.4 μM, respectively. The inhibitory capacities of both tannins on the pancreatic α-amylase were also different, with IC50 values being 141.1 μM for the hydrolysable tannin and 248.1 μM for the condensed tannin. The kinetics of the inhibition presented complex patterns in that for both inhibitors more than one molecule can bind simultaneously to either the free enzyme of the substrate-complexed enzyme (parabolic mixed inhibition). Both tannins were able to inhibit the intestinal starch absorption. Inhibition by the hydrolysable tannin was concentration-dependent, with 53% inhibition at the dose of 58.8 μmol/kg and 88% inhibition at the dose of 294 μmol/kg. For the condensed tannin, inhibition was not substantially different for doses between 124.4 μmol/kg (49%) and 620 μmol/kg (57%). It can be concluded that both tannins, but especially the hydrolysable one, could be useful in controlling the postprandial glycemic levels in diabetes.

/pdf/inhibition-of-a-amylases-by-condensed-and-hydrolysable-4msslegdje.pdf

Inhibition of α-Amylases by Condensed and Hydrolysable Tannins: Focus on Kinetics and Hypoglycemic Actions.

Structural and functional analysis of hypothetical and conserved proteins of Clostridium tetani

Genome sequencing projects has led to an explosion of large amount of gene products in which many are of hypothetical proteins with unknown function. Analyzing and annotating the functions of hypothetical proteins is important in Staphylococcus aureus which is a pathogenic bacterium that cause multiple types of diseases by infecting various sites in humans and animals. In this study, ten hypothetical proteins of Staphylococcus aureus were retrieved from NCBI and analyzed for their structural and functional characteristics by using various bioinformatics tools and databases. The analysis revealed that some of them possessed functionally important domains and families and protein-protein interacting partners which were ABC transporter ATP-binding protein, Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) family, export proteins, Helix-Turn-helix domains, arsenate reductase, elongation factor, ribosomal proteins, Cysteine protease precursor, Type-I restriction endonuclease enzyme and plasmid recombination enzyme which might have the same functions in hypothetical proteins. The structural prediction of those proteins and binding sites prediction have been done which would be useful in docking studies for aiding in the drug discovery.

/pdf/computational-structural-and-functional-analysis-of-4wzc4l2sue.pdf

Computational structural and functional analysis of hypothetical proteins of Staphylococcus aureus.

Antioxidant and α -amylase inhibition activities of phenolic compounds in the extracts of Indian honey

Antioxidant and α -amylase inhibition activities of phenolic compounds in the extracts of Indian honey: Antioxidant and α -amylase inhibition activities of phenolic compounds in the extracts of Indian honey

In silico Molecular Interaction Studies of Gamma-hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus with Flavonoid Compounds

Background and aims Successful clinical human allo or auto-islet transplantation requires the recovery of a sufficient number of functional islets from either brain-dead or chronic pancreatitis pancreases respectively. Methods In the last two decades (2000–2019), significant progress has been made in improving the human islet isolation procedures and in standardizing the use of different tissue dissociation enzyme (TDE; a mixture of collagenase and protease enzymes) blends to recover higher islet yields. Results and Conclusions This review presents information focusing on properties and role of TDE blends during the islet isolation process, particularly emphasizing on the current developments, associated challenges and future perspectives within the field.

Subhashree Venugopal

Papers

Computational structural and functional analysis of hypothetical proteins of Staphylococcus aureus.

Antioxidant and α -amylase inhibition activities of phenolic compounds in the extracts of Indian honey

Antioxidant and α -amylase inhibition activities of phenolic compounds in the extracts of Indian honey: Antioxidant and α -amylase inhibition activities of phenolic compounds in the extracts of Indian honey

In silico Molecular Interaction Studies of Gamma-hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus with Flavonoid Compounds

Human pancreatic tissue dissociation enzymes for islet isolation: Advances and clinical perspectives.