A silver halide color photographic material comprises a combination of at least one yellow dye-forming coupler of the following general formula (1) with at least one discoloration inhibitor of special amide, phosphorus or hydrazine compound type to prevent the dye images, especially the yellow dye image, formed therein from discoloring or changing their colors; ##STR1## wherein X 3 represents an organic residue completing a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl group together with ##STR2## Y represents an aromatic or heterocyclic group; and Z represents a group capable of splitting off when the coupler represented by the foregoing formula reacts with the oxidation product of an aromatic primary amine color developing agent.

Silver halide color photographic material

The invention includes a composite ice protection heater for an aircraft. The composite heater includes at least one electrically insulating layer, and at least one electric heater element comprising an electrically conductive layer bonded to the insulating layer. The conductive layer may include a pre-impregnated woven fabric that includes a plurality of threads that include an electrically conductive material, such as carbon or graphite fibers. The composite heater can be incorporated into a composite surface structure of an aircraft. The conductive layer and insulating layer may include a plurality of spaced openings through the layers that cooperate with an underlying open-cell matrix to attenuate noise at the associated surface of an aircraft. A desired electrical resistance of the conductive layer may be obtained by introducing a plurality of discontinuities in the layer, such as spaced holes or slits.

Composite ice protection heater and method of producing same

This review of the use of clay minerals and clay mineral nanocomposites as catalysts for reactions begins by considering the structural characteristics responsible for activity, specificity and selectivity. Examples of catalytic activity described include Bronsted and Lewis acidity, redox activity, formation of reactive intermediates and catalysis of cycloaddition reactions. Clay minerals are also useful as supports for acids, ionic liquids, reagents and other catalysts, phase transfer agents and reactions initiated by microwaves, ultrasound or gamma irradiation. The review concludes with examples of the use of clay-based catalysts in the synthesis of ‘complex’ organic molecules and a consideration of the industrial situation of clay mineral usage.

Clay Minerals as Catalysts

A method and apparatus for purifying crude terephthalic acid from a liquid dispersion thereof also containing impurities selected from unreacted starting materials, solvents, products of side reactions and/or other undesired materials is provided. The method comprises the steps of filtering the dispersion to form a crude terephthalic acid filter cake (F-1), dissolving the filter cake in a selective crystallization solvent at an elevated temperature to form a solution (T-3, T-4), crystallizing purified terephthalic acid from the solution in the crystallization solvent by reducing the temperature of the solution (S-1), and separating the crystallized purified terephthalic acid from the solution (F-2). According to the invention, the selective crystallization solvent is non-aqueous, non-corrosive and essentially non-reactive with terephthalic acid. Preferably, the selective crystallization solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone. The method and apparatus produces purified terephthalic acid having a purity desired for use in forming polyester resin and other products at an economically attractive rate and at operating conditions of reduced severity which require a lower capital investement and simplified processing.

Method and apparatus for preparing purified terephthalic acid

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses catalysis by clay minerals, including their use as catalyst supports. In most petrochemical processing, such as cracking, solid catalysts were used for decades. Originally, the catalysts were based on acid-treated clays but for many years now framework silicates (zeolites) proved more effective and selective. Clay minerals have a different and interesting set of properties. They are very effective catalysts for a wide variety of organic reactions, often displaying highly sought product-, regio-, or shape-selectivity. In addition, however, soft dimensional constraints are often displayed. They have significant potential in organic chemical processing. The chapter focuses on smectites and their derivatives, which display by far the highest activity levels and range of reactions catalyzed. The chapter summarizes the performance of clay minerals in different types of reaction. The chapter concludes with a discussion on some recent developments and current utilization of these clays in industrial processes and prospects for the future.

Chapter 10.2 Clay Minerals as Catalysts

A process for purifying a crude naphthalenedicarboxylic acid containing impurities and coloring substances obtained by the oxidation of a di-substituted naphthalene, dispense with the use of a large amount of alkali or acid, and producing a naphthalenedicarboxylic acid having a high purity and good color effectively and in a high recovery is disclosed, which comprises dissolving the crude naphthalenedicarboxylic acid in a mixed solvent comprising an amine compound and an alcohol and conducting crystallization.

Process for purification of naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

A process for preparing p-cumylphenol which comprises reacting phenol and α-methylstyrene in the presence of an inorganic solid acid catalyst having an acid point of an acid strength Ho of up to -3, for example, activated clay and recovering the aimed p-cumylphenol from the reaction mixture thus obtained by distilling the same while introducing an inert gas such as nitrogen and/or steam into the distillation system is disclosed. The p-cumylphenol thus obtained has a high purity and an improved color compared with those obtained by conventional methods.

Process for preparing p-cumylphenol

A highly selective process for para-methylolating a phenolic compound, which comprises conducting the reaction of the phenolic compound with a formaldehyde source in an alcoholic organic solvent in the presence of a quaternary ammonium as the counter cation of a phenol anion.

Process for para-methylolating phenolic compound

A process for preparing 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid comprising oxidation reaction of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene or an oxidation product thereof with molecular oxygen in a solvent containing an aliphatic carboxylic acid in the presence of a catalyst comprising cobalt and manganese as heavy metals and a bromine compound is disclosed, in which said oxidation reaction is carried out in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of a pyridine compound, ammonia, a carboxylic acid ammonium salt, urea, a urea derivative, an amine, and a carboxylic acid amide. 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid can be obtained at higher purity and in increased yield.

Process for preparing 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

A process for producing a polyhydroperoxy aromatic compound by oxidation of an aromatic hydrocarbon, e.g., 4,4'-diisopropylbiphenyl and 4,4'-diisopropylnaphthalene, with molecular oxygen is disclosed, in which the oxidation is carried out in the presence of a metal ion selected from cobalt, nickel, zinc and lead ions. Even in using a reaction apparatus made of an iron-containing metal generally employed in industry, a high conversion of secondary alkyl groups can be reached, and the desired polyhydroperoxy aromatic compound can be obtained in a high yield.

Sugawara Takahiro

Papers

Process for purification of naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

Process for preparing p-cumylphenol

Process for para-methylolating phenolic compound

Process for preparing 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid

Process for producing polyhydroperoxy aromatic compound