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Approaches To Translation

Metaphor and Thought

The current study explores the metaphorical conceptualisations of biomedical knowledge in online articles found in the English/American popular scientific magazine Scientific American and their translation in the Arabic Majallat Al Oloom. The study aims to reveal the translatability of metaphors between the two languages from a cognitive perspective. It seeks to explore the translation techniques that are chosen to transfer the conceptual metaphors between the involved languages. 
The Conceptual Metaphor Theory initiated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a/2003), is used as the principal theory for analysing the conceptual representation, typology and metaphorical mappings of these popular biomedical metaphors. The Semantic Field Theory of metaphor, proposed by Kittay and Lehrer (1981), is used to identify the source domains and target domains of these metaphors. The Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP), proposed by Pragglejaz Group (2007), is used to determine the metaphorical linguistic representation of these metaphors. The discoursal-pragmatic functions of these metaphors are investigated according to the typology of scientific metaphor, suggested by Boyd (1993), whereas the persuasive function of metaphors, put forward by Cherteris-Black (2004), is used in this discourse to identify their pragmatic functions. 
An amalgamation of translation methods, suggested by both Schaffner (2004) and Toury (1995), are used to analyse the translation procedures found in the Arabic magazine in order to determine whether the metaphors are retained, modified, paraphrased, deleted, or even if a new metaphor is created in the target texts in addition to new strategies detected in the corpus.

Translating conceptual metaphor in popular biomedical texts from English to Arabic

This thesis aims to explore the processes of translating by focusing on the translating of poetic metaphor. The methodology used is the application of George Lakoff's theory of conceptual metaphor to two case studies, in which problems of translating will be identified, and a theoretical conclusion will be formulated.

The Introduction sets out the author's basic assumptions on the process of translating, the cognitive approach to metaphor, and the adoption of Lakoff's cognitive models of metaphor in the following case studies.

Part I deals with the translating of metaphors of sickness in Shakespeare's Hamlet. Chapter one attempts to construct cognitive models of sickness as seen in contemporary English against which concepts of sickness in the Elizabethan age are compared. Chapter two undertakes a detailed examination of selected Chinese translations of metaphors of sickness in Hamlet organized in accordance with the cognitive models identified earlier. Chapter three draws preliminary conclusions on the translatability of basic metaphors common to English and Chinese and the difficulties encountered in others, which can be traced to cosmological differences between the two cultures.

Part II studies metaphors of love in Sylvia Plath's poetry. Chapter four presents Plath's model of love on the basis of Zoltan Kovecses' model, and discusses its conflicts with traditional Chinese concepts of love. Chapter five analyses problems involved in Chinese translations, mainly of the 'perverted' model of love in Plath's poetry. A preliminary conclusion reached in chapter six points to cultural incoherence as the main obstacle in the translating of her innovative metaphors.

After reviewing current opinions on the translation of metaphor, the author proposes a model of the translating of poetic metaphor in the hope that the findings from the case studies may contribute towards a general theory.

Translating poetic metaphor: explorations of the processes of translating

The nature of man to understand his ecology is relative linguistically and psychologically. When describing the ecology, a man conveys message using metaphors. This study reviews the essays of students about nature metaphors. The essays were from 75 students. The collected metaphors were translated into English from Filipino. Descriptive method was used. In the study, the majority of the students have the sense of landscape metaphor. The nature is personified as general metaphor. It is like a man who have these senses. There seems to have battle for struggles about exploitation, modification, and destroying. On the other hand, their works also revealed the appreciation of the beauty of nature, its aestheticism. Based on this, theories used in the translation and metaphor study have construed a more sophisticated update on the language studies. Commonalities grouping of metaphors could be different from contexts. It gives more space for analysis and recalibrate the study into wider discussions. Indeed, the use of metaphor in the daily communication helps man to be certain and the gravity of meanings of expressions used. Man is naturally metaphorical which reveal their ability to connect things, concretize abstract forms of meaning, and produce new concepts of semantic terms.

https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/ERUDITA/article/download/7006/2843

Ecocritical review of the nature essays of university students: a translation and metaphor study

Metaphors play an important role in conveying meaning not only in literary texts but also in scientific genres. Although there have been many translation studies on metaphor in literary texts, studies on metaphor translation in scientific settings seem to have been overlooked and received less attention. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the strategies used in translating scientific metaphors from English to Arabic by Yemeni senior translation students in three universities. This was achieved by using a translation test consisting of (33) metaphors selected from various sources based on Lakoff and Johnsen’s (1980; 2003) classification of metaphor. The test was given to a sample of 91 students who were randomly selected. 72 participants completed the test. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results showed that eight strategies, adapted from Alshunnag (2016), were used. The highly frequent strategy was the literal strategy and the least frequent was the explication strategy. The use of literal strategy indicated the difficulty of finding a metaphorical expression of a different type for the English metaphors in Arabic which might be due to the limited time available for translation and lack of knowledge of the metaphorical structure in both the source and target languages. It was recommended, therefore, that more comparative studies should be done to help improve translation training offered to students who should also be provided with training sessions which are more conducive to learning.

https://www.journals.aiac.org.au/index.php/IJCLTS/article/download/5672/4092

Sumaiah M. Almatari

Papers

Exploring Strategies of Translating Metaphor from English into Arabic with Reference to Scientific Texts