This paper is a general survey of all the security issues existing in the Internet of Things (IoT) along with an analysis of the privacy issues that an end-user may face as a consequence of the spread of IoT. The majority of the survey is focused on the security loopholes arising out of the information exchange technologies used in Internet of Things. No countermeasure to the security drawbacks has been analyzed in the paper.

Survey of Security and Privacy Issues of Internet of Things

Ant colony algorithms in MANETs: A review

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic multihop wireless network which is established by a set of mobile nodes on a shared wireless channel. One of the major issues in MANET is routing due to the mobility of the nodes. Routing means the act of moving information across an internet work from a source to a destination. When it comes to MANET, the complexity increases due to various characteristics like dynamic topology, time varying QoS requirements, limited resources and energy etc. QoS routing plays an important role for providing QoS in wireless ad hoc networks. The biggest challenge in this kind of networks is to find a path between the communication end points satisfying user’s QoS requirement. Nature-inspired algorithms (swarm intelligence) such as ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms have shown to be a good technique for developing routing algorithms for MANETs. In this paper, a new QoS algorithm for mobile ad hoc network has been proposed. The proposed algorithm combines the idea of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) with Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol to identify multiple stable paths between source and destination nodes.

https://www.tifr.res.in/~sanyal/papers/Ant_Colony_NC.pdf

Ant Colony based Routing for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks towards Improved Quality of Services

ANTALG: An Innovative ACO based Routing Algorithm for MANETs

The reliable data delivery is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to dynamic and unpredictable changing behaviors of nodes. The traditional cryptographic and authentication based schemes can't be adopted due to their associated cost and incapability to counter nodes misbehavior attacks. Recently, trust based solutions have proved to be more effective to address nodes' misbehavior attacks. Apart from isolating misbehaving nodes, the existing trust based schemes lacks the capability to minimize link failure notifications due to transient transmission disruption which consequently give rise to frequent route breakages thereby undermining throughput and route stability. Moreover, the existing solutions give rise to high energy consumption and control overhead in pursuit of trust estimation and network-wide dissemination which not only adds to network congestion but also undermines network lifetime. In this paper, we present a Trust and Energy aware Routing Protocol (TERP) that makes use of a distributed trust model for the detection and isolation of misbehaving nodes. TERP incorporates a composite routing function that encompasses trust, residual-energy, and hop count of neighbor nodes in making routing decisions. This multi-facet routing strategy helps to balance out energy consumption among trusted nodes while routing data using shorter paths. Moreover, TERP intelligently evaluates the actual link breakage thereby avoiding unnecessary route discoveries. Simulation results demonstrate improved throughput, network lifetime and route stability of TERP when compared to existing work.

A trust aware routing protocol for energy constrained wireless sensor network

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) is the self organizing collection of mobile nodes. The communication in MANET is done via a wireless media. In order to support the growing need for multimedia and real time applications, QoS support has become essential. However it is a challenge to route QoS in wireless environment due to node’s dynamic nature and mobility. This paper aims towards efficient QoS routing using OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) by enhancing the MPR (Multi Point Relay) selection criteria. Considering the QoS parameters of effective bandwidth and end-to-end delay, a new algorithm has been proposed to map the QoS parameters into a single numeric weight in order to select the MPR node. The simulation results establish the efficiency of the proposed methodology.

Design of QoS Routing Framework Based on OLSR Protocol

The challenges of mobile ad hoc network are to maintain quality of services and performance. Many routing protocols like AODV discover routes whenever required by the source node and the benefit in doing so is that no prior knowledge of the topology is required. The AODV routing protocol is commonly and effectively used for mobile, ad-hoc nodes [4, 7, 8, 15, 22, 23]. So far, many maintenance strategies have been proposed on AODV to provide better QoS services [7, 10, 19, 21] performances. Some has used the radio propagation characteristics of mobile nodes in ad hoc network [12, 23] during route maintenance [22]. Some modification has been done on computation of delay parameter [16, 19, 22]. The other modification was on multi route selection during route discovery considering only delay as QoS parameter [5, 23]. This paper aims towards proposing a new route maintenance strategy with multiple options that will lead to better performance during link failure on a route. During route discovery and route reply procedure [26] two different QoS parameters considered here are delay and bandwidth. The routes should be selected during route discovery process. The route maintenance strategy may be applied to both the routes independently and simultaneously by the internal nodes where the link failure has occurred.

An Improved Route Maintenance Strategy for QoS Based AODV Routing Protocol

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is the self organizing collection of mobile nodes. The communication in MANET is done via a wireless media. Ad hoc wireless networks have massive commercial and military potential because of their mobility support. Due to demanding real time multimedia applications, Quality of Services (QoS) support in such infrastructure less networks have become essential. QoS routing in mobile Ad-Hoc networks is challenging due to rapid change in network topology. Consequently, the available state information for routing is inherently imprecise. QoS routing may suffer badly due to several factors including radio interference on available bandwidth, and inefficient flooding of information to the adjacent nodes. As a result the performance of the network degrades substantially. This paper aims at the solution for energy efficient QoS routing by best utilization of network resources such as energy and bandwidth. A comparative study shows that despite the overhead due to QoS management, this solution performs better than classical OLSR protocol in terms of QoS and efficient utilization of energy.

Suman Banik

Papers

Ant Colony based Routing for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks towards Improved Quality of Services

Design of QoS Routing Framework Based on OLSR Protocol

An Improved Route Maintenance Strategy for QoS Based AODV Routing Protocol

QoS Routing using OLSR with Optimization for Flooding