Dedication Preface Foreword PART I: FRAME OF REFERENCE We begin with the idea of giving students the tools that increase their capacity for learning. The primary role of education is to increase student capacity for personal growth, social growth, and academic learning. Models of Teaching is an avenue to liberate student learning capacity and, by doing so, to help teachers take charge of their lives as teachers. CHAPTER 1: BEGINNING THE INQUIRY Creating Communities of Expert Learners On the whole, students are in schools and classes within those schools. Both need to be developed into learning communities and provided with the models of learning that enable them to become expert learners. We study how to build those learning communities. CHAPTER 2: WHERE MODELS OF TEACHING COME FROM Multiple Ways of Constructing Knowledge The history of teacher researchers comes to us in the form of models of teaching that enable us to construct vital environments for our students. Models have come from the ages and from teacher-researchers who have invented new ways of teaching. Some of these are submitted to research and development and how teachers can learn to use them. Those are the models that are included in this book. CHAPTER 3: STUDYING THE SLOWLY-GROWING KNOWLEDGE BASE IN EDUCATION A Basic Guide Through the Rhetorical Thickets We draw on descriptive studies, experimental studies, and experience to give us a fine beginning to what will eventually become a research-based profession. Here we examine what we have learned about how to design good instruction and effective curriculums. And, we learn how to avoid some destructive practices. CHAPTER 4: MODELS OF TEACHING AND TEACHING STYLES Three Sides of Teaching--Styles, Models, and Diversity We are people and our personalities greatly affect the environments that our students experience. And, as we use various models of teaching our selves -- our natural styles -- color how those models work in the thousands of classrooms in our society. Moreover, those models and our styles affect the achievement of the diverse students in our classes and schools. PART II: THE INFORMATION-PROCESSING FAMILYOF MODELS How can we and our students best acquire information, organize it, and explain it? For thousands of years philosophers, educators, psychologists, and artists have developed ways to gather and process information. Here are several live ones. CHAPTER 5: LEARNING TO THINK INDUCTIVELY Forming Concepts by Collecting and Organizing Information Human beings are born to build concepts. The vast intake of information is sifted and organized and the conceptual structures that guide our lives are developed. The inductive model builds on and enhances the inborn capacity of our students. CHAPTER 6: ATTAINING CONCEPTS Sharpening Basic Thinking Skills Students can develop concepts. They also can learn concepts developed by others. Concept attainment teaches students how to learn and use concepts and develop and test hypotheses. CHAPTER 7: THE PICTURE-WORD INDUCTIVE MODEL Developing Literacy across the Curriculum Built on the language experience approach, the picture-word inductive model enables beginning readers to develop sight vocabularies, learn to inquire into the structure of words and sentences, write sentences and paragraphs, and, thus, to be powerful language learners. In Chapter 19 the outstanding results from primary curriculums and curriculums for older struggling readers are displayed. CHAPTER 8: SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND INQUIRY TRAINING The Art of Making Inferences From the time of Aristotle, we have had educators who taught science-in-the-making rather than teaching a few facts and hoping for the best. We introduce you to a model of teaching that is science on the hoof, so to speak. This model has had effects, among other things, on improving the capacity of students to learn. We concentrate on the Biological Sciences Study Group, where for 40 years science teachers have shared information and generated new ideas. And, Inquiry training is a "best yet" model for teaching basic inquiry skills. CHAPTER 9: MEMORIZATION Getting the Facts Straight Memorization has had something of a bad name, mostly because of deadly drills. Contemporary research and innovative teachers have created methods that not only improve our efficiency in memorization, but also make the process delightful. CHAPTER 10: SYNECTICS The Arts of Enhancing Creative Thought Creative thought has often been thought of as the province of a special few, and something that the rest of us cannot aspire to. Not so. Synectics brings to all students the development of metaphoric thinking -- the foundation of creative thought. The model continues to improve. CHAPTER 11: LEARNING FROM PRESENTATIONS Advance Organizers Learning from presentations has almost as bad a name as learning by memorization. Ausubel developed a system for creating lectures and other presentations that will increase learner activity and, subsequently, learning. PART III: THE SOCIAL FAMILY OF MODELS Working together might just enhance all of us. The social family expands what we can do together and generates the creation of democracy in our society in venues large and small. In addition, the creation of learning communities can enhance the learning of all students dramatically. CHAPTER 12: PARTNERS IN LEARNING From Dyads to Group Investigation Can two students who are paired in learning increase their learning? Can students organized into a democratic learning community apply scientific methods to their learning? You bet they can. Group Investigation can be used to redesign schools, increase personal, social, and academic learning among all students, and -- is very satisfying to teach. CHAPTER 13: THE STUDY OF VALUES Role Playing and Public Policy Education Values provide the center of our behavior, helping us get direction and understand other directions. Policy issues involve the understanding of values and the costs and benefits of selecting some solutions rather than others. In these models, values are central. Think for a moment about the issues that face our society right now -- research on cells, international peace, including our roles in Iraq and the rest of the Middle East, the battle against AIDS, poverty, and who controls the decisions about pregnancy and abortion. Not to mention just getting along together. PART IV: THE PERSONAL FAMILY OF MODELS The learner always does the learning. His or her personality is what interacts with the learning environment. How do we give the learner centrality when we are trying to get that same person to grow and respond to tasks we believe will enhance growth? CHAPTER 14: NONDIRECTIVE TEACHING The Learner at the Center How do we think about ourselves as learners? As people? How can we organize schooling so that the personalities and emotions of students are taken into account? Let us inquire into the person who is the center of the education process. CHAPTER 15: DEVELOPING POSITIVE SELF-CONCEPTS The Inner Person of Boys and Girls, Men and Women If you feel great about yourself, you are likely to become a better learner. But you begin where you are. Enhancing self concept is a likely avenue. The wonderful work by the SIMs group in Kansas (see Chapter 3) has demonstrated how much can be accomplished. PART V: THE BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS FAMILY OF MODELS We are what we do. So how do we learn to practice more productive behaviors? Let's explore some of the possibilities. CHAPTER 16: LEARNING TO LEARN FROM MASTERY LEARNING Bit by bit, block by block, we climb our way up a ladder to mastery. CHAPTER 17: DIRECT INSTRUCTION Why beat around the bush when you can just deal with things directly? Let's go for it! However, finesse is required, and that is what this chapter is all about. CHAPTER 18: LEARNING FROM SIMULATIONS Training and Self-Training How much can we learn from quasi-realities? The answer is, a good deal. Simulations enable us to learn from virtual realities where we can experience environments and problems beyond our present environment. Presently, they range all the way to space travel, thanks to NASA and affiliated developers. PART VI: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, DIVERSITY, AND CURRICULUM The rich countryside of humanity makes up the population of our schools. The evidence suggests that diversity enhances the energy of schools and classrooms. However, some forms of teaching make it difficult for individual differences to flourish. We emphasize the curriculums and models of teaching that enable individual differences to thrive. CHAPTER 19: LEARNING STYLES AND MODELS OF TEACHING Making Discomfort Productive By definition, learning requires knowing, thinking, or doing things we couldn't do before the learning took place. Curriculums and teaching need to be shaped to take us where we haven't been. The trick is to develop an optimal mismatch in which we are pushed but the distance is manageable. CHAPTER 20: EQUITY Gender, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Background The task here is to enable differences to become an advantage. The best curriculums and models of teaching do just that. In other words, if differences are disadvantages, it is because of how we teach. CHAPTER 21: CREATING AND TESTING CURRICULUMS The Conditions of Learning Robert Gagne's framework for building curriculums is discussed and illustrated. This content is not simple, but it is powerful. CHAPTER 22: TWO WORDS ON THE FUTURE The Promise of Distance Learning and Using Models of Teaching to Ensure that No Child is Left Behind. Afterword APPENDIX PEER COACHING GUIDES Related Literature and References Index

教学模式 = Models of Teaching

Traditional engineering instruction is deductive, beginning with theories and progressing to the applications of those theories Alternative teaching approaches are more inductive Topics are introduced by presenting specific observations, case studies or problems, and theories are taught or the students are helped to discover them only after the need to know them has been established This study reviews several of the most commonly used inductive teaching methods, including inquiry learning, problem-based learning, project-based learning, case-based teaching, discovery learning, and just-in-time teaching The paper defines each method, highlights commonalities and specific differences, and reviews research on the effectiveness of the methods While the strength of the evidence varies from one method to another, inductive methods are consistently found to be at least equal to, and in general more effective than, traditional deductive methods for achieving a broad range of learning outcomes

Inductive Teaching and Learning Methods: Definitions, Comparisons, and Research Bases

/pdf/the-impact-of-technology-43y42tcd57.pdf

The Impact of Technology

Effects of Problem-Based Learning Instructional Intervention on Critical Thinking in Higher Education: A Meta-Analysis

John Dewey: Rethinking Our Time

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1230052.pdf

Improving Environmental Awareness of High School Students' in Malang City through Earthcomm Learning in the Geography Class.

This study aims to describe and test students' perception of scientific learning, students' critical thinking skill level in scientific learning, differences in perception and critical thinking skill level of students based on school differences and gender, and the influence of perception on students' critical thinking skill in scientific approach learning. It involved 206 students from three high schools in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Quantitative data was obtained from a perception questionnaire and critical thinking skill test. The perception questionnaire refers to Perception of Science Classes Survey (PSCS). The test used refers to indicators of critical thinking skill from Ennis in 2011. Data were analyzed using non parametric statistical tests with the SPSS version 23 application for Windows. The results showed that 1) students' perception of scientific learning were in the medium category, 2) students' critical thinking skill level was in a low category, 3) there were differences in perception and critical thinking skill level based on school, but there are not any differences found based on gender, 4) there was an influence of perception towards students' critical thinking skill in scientific learning approach. Designing innovative learning methods, involving student activity, and providing recommend-ed learning facilities are suggested to do to enhance students' positive perception and critical thinking skill.

/pdf/measuring-students-scientific-learning-perception-and-4a3xin7dmm.pdf

Measuring Students Scientific Learning Perception and Critical Thinking Skill Using Paper-Based Testing: School and Gender Differences

This paper aims to examine the integration of cultural values of ethnic Bugis Makassar in learning Social Geography as one of the strategies to face the Asean Economic Community (AEC). Local cultural values is an important issue that should be studied in study Social Geography. This new face is needed to adopt a variety of strategies including local cultural values in the learning process. Planting the values of the local culture in the learning process is expected to offset the influence of foreign culture that is increasingly prevalent in our society, especially South Sulawesi. Culture Bugis Makassar as one of the local culture that is growing and developing among the Bugis Makassar, has an important element that can increase the motivation of learners, namely the concept of Siri 'and Pacce . This concept when used correctly in the learning process can be a powerful incentive for students to improve their academic achievement. Keywords : Integration, Local Culture, Ethnic Bugis Makassar, Social Geography http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um022v1i12016p013

/pdf/integrasi-nilai-budaya-etnis-bugis-makassar-dalam-proses-57625vtka9.pdf

Integrasi nilai budaya etnis Bugis Makassar dalam proses pembelajaran sebagai salah satu strategi menghadapi era masyarakat ekonomi ASEAN (MEA)

Development of learning system nowdays starts to shift be student centered. It goes as well as development of scince and technology in 21 century that came up with problem in many fields. With that problem, an innovation that be able to links lesson with real problem to improve students’ logical way of thinking well is needed. One of learning models that focus on student to create their ability thinking logically is learning based problem. Practically, this learning can be maximalized with technology that uses internet or as known as blended learning. Blended learning is combination of face to face and long distance learning. This can give advantage for students to repeat or ask about the lesson that the still unclear, so this’s facilitating to plan and do learning based on problem. This study aims to know the effect of applicating blended learning on geography learning based problem toward student of XI IPS in SMAN 4 Malang’s critical thinking ability. The conclusion of this study shows there are significant difference between average score of experimental class and control class. The result of hypothesis test shows that applicating model learning Problem Based Learning effects toward their thinking ability. Perkembangan pola pembelajaran saat ini mulai bergeser menjadi student center . Hal ini juga dibarengi dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi pada abad 21 yang memunculkan permasalahan di segala bidang. Dari permasalahan tersebut diperlukan sebuah inovasi pembelajaran yang dapat mengaitkan materi dengan permasalahan nyata yang bertujuan mengembangkan kemampuan bernalar siswa dengan baik. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang menekankan siswa membangun pengetahuannya dengan berpikir kritis adalah pembelajaran berbasis masalah. Pada pelaksanaan pembelajaran tersebut dapat dimaksimalkan dengan teknologi yang memanfaatkan jaringan internet yang dikenal dengan istilah blended learning . Blended learning merupakan perpaduan pembelajaran tatap muka dan pembelajaran jarak jauh. Hal ini memberi keuntungan bagi siswa untuk mengulang ataupun bertanya tentang materi yang belum jelas sehingga memudahkan siswa untuk merencanakan, dan melaksanakan pembelajaran berbasis masalah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan pembelajaran Geografi berbasis masalah dengan blended learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas XI IPS SMA Negeri 4 Malang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Hasil uji hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa.

/pdf/pengaruh-pembelajaran-geografi-berbasis-masalah-dengan-3idhim82yo.pdf

Pengaruh pembelajaran geografi berbasis masalah dengan blended learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa sma

This study aimed to obtain information about local wisdom found in indigenous communities in the Kemiren village, Glagah, Banyuwangi. Information related to the life of a harmonious society between people and nature, and between the members of society. This study used a qualitative approach, direct surveys, participant interviews and a natural setting. Pointing to several informants as a source of information with a purposive. The results showed that indigenous peoples have a life that is simple, harmonious, and are not aware of their beliefs to situs Buyut Cili could play a role in preserving the surrounding environment, including water resources, and fields. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang kearifan lokal yang terdapat pada masyarakat adat di Desa Kemiren Kecamatan Glagah Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Informasi terkait kehidupan masyarakat yang harmonis antara masyarakat dengan alam, dan antar sesama masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, observasi secara langsung, interview participant dan natural setting. Menunjuk beberapa informan sebagai sumber informasi dengan cara purposive. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat adat memiliki kehidupan yang sederhana, harmonis, dan secara tidak sadar kepercayaan mereka tentang situs Buyut Cili mampu berperan dalam melestarikan lingkungan hidupdi wilayah tersebut, seperti; sumber air, area persawahan, dan ladang.

/pdf/kearifan-lokal-dalam-melestarikan-lingkungan-hidup-studi-4dq06sgnid.pdf

Sumarmi Sumarmi

Papers

Improving Environmental Awareness of High School Students' in Malang City through Earthcomm Learning in the Geography Class.

Measuring Students Scientific Learning Perception and Critical Thinking Skill Using Paper-Based Testing: School and Gender Differences

Integrasi nilai budaya etnis Bugis Makassar dalam proses pembelajaran sebagai salah satu strategi menghadapi era masyarakat ekonomi ASEAN (MEA)

Pengaruh pembelajaran geografi berbasis masalah dengan blended learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa sma

Kearifan lokal dalam melestarikan lingkungan hidup (studi kasus masyarakat adat desa kemiren kecamatan glagah kabupaten banyuwangi)