Blockchain technology in the future smart grids: A comprehensive review and frameworks


 Renewable-energy resources require overwhelming adoption by the common masses for safeguarding the environment from pollution. In this context, the prosumer is an important emerging concept. A prosumer in simple terms is the one who consumes as well as produces electricity and sells it either to the grid or to a neighbour. In the present scenario, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is gaining momentum as a new vista of research that is viewed as a possible way for prosumers to sell energy to neighbours. Enabling P2P energy trading is the only method of making renewable-energy sources popular among the common masses. For making P2P energy trading successful, blockchain technology is sparking considerable interest among researchers. Combined with smart contracts, a blockchain provides secure tamper-proof records of transactions that are recorded in distributed ledgers that are immutable. This paper explores, using a thorough review of recently published research work, how the existing power sector is reshaping in the direction of P2P energy trading with the application of blockchain technology. Various challenges that are being faced by researchers in the implementation of blockchain technology in the energy sector are discussed. Further, this paper presents different start-ups that have emerged in the energy-sector domain that are using blockchain technology. To give insight into the application of blockchain technology in the energy sector, a case of the application of blockchain technology in P2P trading in electrical-vehicle charging is discussed. At the end, some possible areas of research in the application of blockchain technology in the energy sector are discussed.

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Emergence of blockchain-technology application in peer-to-peer electrical-energy trading: a review

This study aims to explore the application of blockchain technology in smart healthcare, establish a hierarchical theoretical framework of smart healthcare, reveal the impact of blockchain on smart healthcare, and finally, construct a development application system of smart healthcare under the blockchain based on stakeholder theory. However, such a hierarchical theoretical framework should consider not only the necessary attributes and the interrelationship among various aspects and attributes but also the role of multiple stakeholders. Therefore, the paper uses fuzzy set theory to filter unnecessary attributes, proposes a decision-making and experimental evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) to manage the complex interrelationships between various aspects and attributes, and uses Interpretive Structure Modeling (ISM) to divide the hierarchy and construct a hierarchical theoretical framework. The results show that (1) the top-level design, the medical record management, and the doctor management are the root causes of system. (2) The specific application of blockchain in the field of smart healthcare is mainly carried out around the intelligent contract, which relies on the medical record management and is constrained by the system, and optimization of application is the key to system upgrading. (3) The internal and external regulation, the medical insurance, and the environmental governance play a guaranteed role for the development of the system and effectively safeguard the interests of stakeholders. (4) The application system of smart healthcare under the blockchain needs to be built based on three layers: the transaction layer, information layer, and stakeholder layer. The theoretical hierarchical framework is intended to guide smart healthcare towards blockchain applications, and stakeholders are suggested to participate in the development application systems.

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Research on the Application of Blockchain in Smart Healthcare: Constructing a Hierarchical Framework.

Given the continuous development of urban areas, integrated policies are needed to improve the lives of urban residents by implementing integrated, interoperable and secure electronic services. Public administrations recognize the potential of blockchain in solving the problems of local communities. Blockchain, initially perceived through its association with cryptocurrency bitcoin, offers an innovative perspective on how smart cities can be organized and a more transparent economic model for resource management. This study analyses how blockchain technology-based services can contribute to the development of smart cities and proposes a Smart City ecosystem model based on SSI (Self-Sovereign Identity) authentication model and smart contracts between entities, citizens and administrations. It also overviews the domains in which this technology can be used. The results can be a starting point for the development of local initiatives for using the blockchain as a platform for communications and transactions in the public sector.

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Smart City Ecosystem Using Blockchain Technology

1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, 2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, B V Raju Institute of Technology, Medak, India 3School of Computer Science and IT, Jain deemed to be University, Bengaluru, India 4Department of Mathematics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India 5Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India 6Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Surendra Singh

Papers

Key management for blockchain technology