W e're delighted to have "Doing Gender" and its sequelae as the subjects of this symposium. The serious readings of our work by Professors Connell, Jones, Kitzinger, Messerschmidt, Risman, Smith, and Vidal-Ortiz do us honor, and we welcome the chance to address them. We use our response to reflect on, clarify, admit, and expand on what we said originally and what we have said since. As important as the path taken, however, is the theoretical path ahead, and we will comment on that as well.

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Accounting for Doing Gender

Recently, the study of gender has focused on processes by which gender is brought into social relations through interaction. This article explores implications of a two-sided dynamic—gendering practices and practicing of gender—for understanding gendering processes in formal organizations. Using stories from interviews and participant observation in multinational corporations, the author explores the practicing of gender at work. She defines practicing gender as a moving phenomenon that is done quickly, directionally (in time), and (often) nonreflexively; is informed (often) by liminal awareness; and is in concert with others. She notes how other conceptions of gender dynamics and practice inform the analysis and argues that adequate conceptualization (and potential elimination) of harmful aspects of gendering practices/practicing will require attention to (1) agency, intentionality, awareness, and reflexivity; (2) positions, power, and experience; and (3) choice, accountability, and audience. She calls f...

“Said and Done” Versus “Saying and Doing” Gendering Practices, Practicing Gender at Work

During the past 30 years, women’s participation in the workforce, in athletics, and in professional education has increased, while men’s activities have been more stable. Have gender stereotypes changed over this time period to reflect the new realities? And, to what extent does gender stereotyping exist today? We address these questions by comparing data collected in the early 1980s to new data collected in 2014. In each study, participants rated the likelihood that a typical man or woman has a set of gendered characteristics (traits, role behaviors, occupations, and physical characteristics). Results indicate that people perceive strong differences between men and women on stereotype components today, as they did in the past. Comparisons between the two time periods show stability of gender stereotypes across all components except female gender roles, which showed a significant increase in gender stereotyping. These results attest to the durability of basic stereotypes about how men and women are percei...

The Times They Are a-Changing … or Are They Not? A Comparison of Gender Stereotypes, 1983–2014:

This article draws on participant observation in a law enforcement academy to demonstrate how a hidden curriculum encourages aspects of hegemonic masculinity among recruits. Academy training teaches female and male recruits that masculinity is an essential requirement for the practice of policing and that women do not belong. By watching and learning from instructors and each other, male students developed a form of masculinity that (1) excluded women students and exaggerated differences between them and men; and (2) denigrated women in general. Thus, the masculinity that is characteristic of police forces and is partly responsible for women’s low representation on them is not produced exclusively on the job, but is taught in police academies as a subtext of professional socialization.

'There Oughtta Be a Law Against Bitches': Masculinity Lessons in Police Academy Training

Women's experiences with sexual harassment were analyzed with three types of variables: occupational and workplace sex ratios, organizational policies and procedures for dealing with sexual harassment problems, and women's cultural status (age and marital status). Regression analyses revealed that extent of contact with men was a key predictor of incidence of harassment, number of different types of harrassment, sexual comments, sexual categorical remarks, and sexual materials. Gender predominance was a significant predictor of physical threats and sexual materials. Informational methods were less successful than proactive methods in reducing incidents of sexual harassment. The analyses support two generalizations. The “contact hypothesis” tested and verified by Gutek and her colleagues provides a substantive understanding of our findings on workplace and occupational numerical predominance. Second, organizations that take a variety of steps to address sexual harassment are more apt to be successful in cu...

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The Impact of Male Work Environments and Organizational Policies on Women's Experiences of Sexual Harassment

1. Introduction : changes in criminal justice, occupations, and women in the workplace -- The CJS : mission, processes, and workforce -- Historical context of women in justice occupations -- Legal changes -- Equal employment opportunity law -- Sexual harassment law -- Pregnancy and family leave -- Systemic reforms and expanded opportunities for women -- Women and today's justice occupations -- Contents of the second edition of this book -- A note on perspective and terminology -- Endnotes --

Doing Justice, Doing Gender: Women in Legal and Criminal Justice Occupations

Introduction Changes in Criminal Justice Organizations, Occupations, and Women's Work Explanations for Gender Inequality in the Workplace The Nature of Police Work and Women's Entry into Law Enforcement Women Officers Encountering the Gendered Police Organization Women Entering the Legal Profession Change and Resistance The Organizational Logic of the Gendered Legal World and Women Lawyers' Responses Women in Corrections Advancement and Resistance Gendered Organizational Logic and Women CO Response Doing Justice, Doing Gender, Today and Tomorrow Occupations, Organizations, and Change

Susan Martin

Papers

Doing Justice, Doing Gender: Women in Legal and Criminal Justice Occupations

Doing justice, doing gender

Women Entering the Legal Profession: Change and Resistance

The Nature of Police Work and Women's Entry into Law Enforcement

Doing Justice, Doing Gender Today and Tomorrow: Occupations, Organizations, and Change