1. Introduction 2. Fear, interest and honor 3. The spirit and its expression 4. The ancient world 5. Medieval Europe 6. From Sun King to Revolution 7. Imperialism and World War I 8. World War II 9. Hitler to Bush and beyond 10. General findings and conclusions.

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A Cultural Theory of International Relations

Between 100 BCE and 200 CE, the city of Teotihuacan grew rapidly, most of the Basin of Mexico population was relocated in the city, immense civic-religious structures were built, and symbolic and material evidence shows the early importance of war Rulers were probably able and powerful Subsequently the city did not grow, and government may have become more collective, with significant constraints on rulers' powers A state religion centered on war and fertility deities presumably served elite interests, but civic consciousness may also have been encouraged A female goddess was important but probably not as pervasive as has been suggested Political control probably did not extend beyond central Mexico, except perhaps for some outposts, and the scale and significance of commerce are unclear Teotihuacan's prestige, however, spread widely in Mesoamerica, manifested especially in symbols of sacred war, used for their own ends by local elites

/pdf/state-and-society-at-teotihuacan-mexico-11c55gggj9.pdf

State and society at teotihuacan, mexico

Introduction: Balance and Hierarchy in International Systems S.J.Kaufman, R.Little & W.C.Wohlforth Balancing and Balancing Failure in Biblical Times: Assyria and the Ancient Middle Eastern System 900-600 BCE S.J.Kaufman & W.C.Wohlforth The Greek City States in the Fifth Century BCE: Persia and the Balance of Power R.Little Intra-Greek Balancing, the Mediterranean Crisis of ca. 201-200 B.C., and the Rise of Rome A.M.Eckstein The Forest and the King of Beasts: Hierarchy and Opposition in Ancient India (c.500 - c.232 BCE) W.J.Brenner The Triumph of Domination in the Ancient Chinese System V.Tin-bor Hui 'A Republic for Expansion': The Roman Constitution and Empire and Balance of Power Theory D.Deudney Hierarchy and Resistance in the American State-Systems, 1400-1800 CE C.Jones Stability and Hierarchy in East Asian International Relations, 1300 to 1900CE D.C.Kang Conclusion: Theoretical Insights from the Study of World History S.J.Kaufman, R.Little & W.C.Wohlforth

The Balance of Power in World History

This article reviews recent archaeological research on warfare in prestate societies of native North America. This survey comprises six regions: Arctic/Subarctic, Northwest Coast, California, Southwest/Great Basin, Great Plains, and Eastern Woodlands. Two lines of evidence, defensive settlement behavior and injuries in human skeletal remains, figure prominently in archaeological reconstructions of violence and warfare in these regions. Burning of sites and settlements also has been important for identifying the consequences of war and investigating more subtle aspects of strategy and directionality. Weaponry and iconography have to date provided important but more limited insights. Although considerable disparities exist between regions in the archaeological evidence for intra- and intergroup violence, all regions show a marked increase after A.D. 1000. These findings suggest that larger forces may have been responsible for escalating violence throughout North America at this time.

The Archaeology of War: A North American Perspective

The first Maya encountered by Europeans in the early sixteenth century were exceedingly warlike, but by the 1940s the earlier Classic Maya (AD 250–1000) were widely perceived as an inordinately peaceful civilization. Today, in sharp contrast, conflict is seen as integral to Maya society throughout its history. This paper defines war, reviews the evidence for it in the Maya archaeological record, and shows how and why our ideas have changed so profoundly. The main emphasis is on the Classic period, with patterns of ethnohistorically documented war serving as a baseline. Topics include the culture history of conflict, strategy and tactics, the scope and range of operations, war and the political economy, and the intense status rivalry war of the eighth and ninth centuries AD that contributed to the collapse of Classic civilization. Unresolved issues such as the motivations for war, its ritual vs. territorial aims, and sociopolitical effects are discussed at length.

The Not So Peaceful Civilization: A Review of Maya War

War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica.

http://whq.oxfordjournals.org/content/whq/26/2/249.full.pdf

Zapotec Struggles: Histories, Politics, and Representations from Juchitán, Oaxaca

Father Jose Maria Luis Mora, infamous as an advocate for political liberalism during inchoate Mexico’s struggle for nationhood, worked through a myriad of channels to bring about change in his country. Educated and ordained as a secular priest, he was both professor and librarian at the prestigious Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City, but found time to author five volumes of collected essays and edit three periodicals. His national acclaim rests with his career as lawyer, politician, and political theorist. Not all of his contemporaries recognized that he also became a Bible merchant during the second quarter of the nineteenth century.

Father José María Luis Mora, Liberalism, and the British and Foreign Bible Society in Nineteenth-Century Mexico

Tepuztlahcuilolli. Impresos en Náhuatl. Historia y bibliografía

Primeros Memoriales . Compiled by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Pp. 190. Illustrations. $160.00.) - The Drawings of Sahagún's Primeros Memoriales: Structure and Style . By Ellen T. Baird. (Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1993. Pp. xiv, 177. Figures. Tables. Bibliography. Index. $30.00.)

Susan Schroeder

Papers

War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica.

Zapotec Struggles: Histories, Politics, and Representations from Juchitán, Oaxaca

Father José María Luis Mora, Liberalism, and the British and Foreign Bible Society in Nineteenth-Century Mexico

Tepuztlahcuilolli. Impresos en Náhuatl. Historia y bibliografía