There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

応用水文 = Applied hydrology

Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: including bottom sediments and sludges , Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: including bottom sediments and sludges , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: including bottom sediments and sludges

Extensions to the land surface scheme (LSS) in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, regional, coupled, land-atmosphere weather prediction model, known as the mesoscale Eta model, are proposed and tested off-line in uncoupled mode to account for seasonal freezing and thawing of soils and snow-accumulation-ablation processes. An original model assumption that there is no significant heat transfer during redistribution of liquid water was relaxed by including a source/sink term in the heat transfer equation to account for latent heat during phase transitions of soil moisture. The parameterization uses the layer-integrated form of heat and water diffusion equations adopted by the original Eta-LSS. Therefore it simulates the total ice content of each selected soil layer. Infiltration reduction under frozen ground conditions was estimated by probabilistic averaging of spatially variable ice content of the soil profile. Off-line uncoupled tests of the new and original Eta-LSS were performed using experimental data from Rosemount, Minnesota. Simulated soil temperature and unfrozen water content matched observed data reasonably well. Neglecting frozen ground processes leads to significant underestimation/overestimation of soil temperature during soil freezing/thawing periods and underestimates total soil moisture content after extensive periods of soil freezing.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1999JD900232

A parameterization of snowpack and frozen ground intended for NCEP weather and climate models

American Society for Testing and Materials

In 1977 the Turkish Government started to utilize the water of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers through South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP). The project includes 22 dams and 19 hydraulic power plants which are to irrigate 17 10 3 km 2 of land with a total storage capacity of 100 km 3 which is three times more than the overall capacity of Iraq and Syrian reservoirs Prior to 1990, Syria used to receive 21 km 3 /year of the Euphrates water which dropped to 12km 3 in 2000 onward and for Iraq it dropped from 29 km 3 before 1990 to 4,4km 3 (90% reduction) now. This reduced agricultural land in both countries from 650 10 3 to 240 10 3 hectares. Iraq used to receive 20.9 km 3 /year of water from the Tigris River and once Ilisu dam is constructed, this is likely to drop to 9.7 km 3 which means that 47% of the river flow will be depleted. This means that 696 10 3 hectares of agricultural land will be abandoned due to water scarcity. The reduction of flow in the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq is considered to be national crises and will have severe negative consequences on health and on environmental, industrial and economic development. It is believed that the Iraqi Government should take solid and fast measures to ensure prudent management of its water resources and to secure the life of huge sector of its society and protect the environment.

/pdf/toward-prudent-management-of-water-resources-in-iraq-31rhsa2lqv.pdf

Toward Prudent management of Water Resources in Iraq

Iraq is one of the most affected countries in the Middle East concerning the occurrences of sand and dust storms. The frequency of the occurrence has increased drastically in the last decade and it is increasing continuously. The events of sand and dust storms are either regional or local. The former, however, is more frequent than the latter. The regional event, generally extends outside the Iraqi territory, into different directions, but usually covers part of Syria, crossing the Iraqi territory towards Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and/or towards the Arabian Gulf, and less frequently extends to Iran. The main causes in the development of sand and dust storms, in Iraq are discussed. The causes are also either regional or local. The former, however, causes more economic losses and harsh effect on the human’s health, as compared with the latter. One of the main reasons behind the development of sand and dust storms is the climatic changes within the region, especially the drastic decrease in the annual rate of rain fall, besides environmental changes, such as drying of the marshes, land degradation, and desertification. From the local causes, the most effective reason is the haphazard driving and military operations, especially in the Iraqi Southern Desert. Prudent management of water resources by using non-conventional resources and adapting suitable irrigation methods can greatly help to overcome this phenomenon and minimize the number of dust storm.

/pdf/sand-and-dust-storm-events-in-iraq-155x8uzv0v.pdf

Sand and dust storm events in Iraq

Sustainable management of excavated soil and rock in urban areas – A literature review

Iraq is part of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA region). It greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Iraq was considered rich in its water resources till 1970s. After that problems due to water scarcity aroused. Recently, it is expected that water shortage problems will be more serious. The supply and demand are predicted to be 43 and 66.8 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) respectively in 2015, while in 2025 it will be 17.61 and 77BCM respectively. In addition, future prediction suggests that Tigris and Euphrates Rivers will be completely dry in 2040. To overcome this problem, prudent water management plan is to be adopted. It should include Strategic Water Management Vision, development of irrigation techniques, reduction of water losses, use of non-conventional water resources and research and development planning.

/pdf/present-conditions-and-future-challenges-of-water-resources-3bkbtunzaj.pdf

Present Conditions and Future Challenges of Water Resources Problems in Iraq

It has been shown in the early 20th century that particle shape has an influence on geotechnical properties. Even if this is known, there has been only minor progress in explaining the processes be ...

Sven Knutsson

Papers

Toward Prudent management of Water Resources in Iraq

Sand and dust storm events in Iraq

Sustainable management of excavated soil and rock in urban areas – A literature review

Present Conditions and Future Challenges of Water Resources Problems in Iraq

Particle shape quantities and measurement techniques : a review