From the combination of knowledge and actions, someone can improve their skill and ability. It will lead them to live and work much better. This is why, the students, workers, or even employers should have reading habit for books. Any book will give certain knowledge to take all benefits. This is what this the interferon system tells you. It will add more knowledge of you to life and work better. Try it and prove it.

The Interferon System

https://mmbr.asm.org/content/mmbr/51/1/66.full.pdf

Transcription and replication of rhabdoviruses.

The rhabdoviruses are ubiquitous, highly infectious agents of animal and plant disease and are generally transmitted by arthropods. Assignment of viruses to the taxon rhabdoviruses (rod-shaped viruses) was originally based entirely on morphology. This classification has turned out to be fortuitously fortunate because later biochemical studies have revealed remarkable uniformity among these structurally similar viruses isolated from extremely diverse hosts. It is perhaps not farfetched to postulate a common ancestor for all the rhabdoviruses of plants, arthropods, and vertebrates. Classification of a virus as a rhabdovirus should be based on the following most important characteristics: 

1.

Rhabdoviruses are rod-shaped particles, varying considerably in length (60–400 nm) but of a reasonably consistent width (60–85 nm).




2.

Animal rhabdoviruses tend to be bullet-shaped in appearance, flat at one end and a tapered sphere at the other. Plant rhabdoviruses are usually bacilliform in shape, quite elongated and with two round ends.




3.

All rhabdoviruses appear to be surrounded by a membranous envelope with protruding spikes. All these viruses probably contain lipids and are, therefore, susceptible to disruption by ether and detergents.

Reproduction of Rhabdoviruses

Defective interfering (DI) particles were discovered three decades ago by von Magnus (1947) using the influenza virus system. He called them “incomplete” or “immature” particles. Even though they could not be isolated or characterized biochemically, a great deal was learned about them from their physiological interactions with the host and from their interference with the multiplication of “infectious” standard virus (Gard and von Magnus, 1947; Bernkopf, 1950; von Magnus, 1951). Reviews by Henle (1950), by von Magnus (1954), and by Schlesinger (1959) on viral interference discuss the earlier work on this particular homologous interference caused by incomplete virus.

Defective Interfering Animal Viruses

The genetically determined resistance towards orthomyxoviruses exhibited by mice homozygous (A2G) or heterozygous (A2G X A/J) for the gene Mx was abolished or greatly diminished by treatment with anti-interferon globulin (AIF). AIF induced increased susceptibility to challenge with hepatotropic, neurotropic, and pneumotropic strains of influenza A virus. Hepatotropic virus titers in blood and livers of AIF-treated, Mx-bearing mice were higher by a factor of 10(3)--10(6) than those in untreated mice of the same genotype, and were comparable to those in genetically susceptible (untreated or AIF-treated) mice. Peritoneal macrophages from Mx-bearing untreated mice were resistant to challenge with a macrophage-adapted strain of influenza A virus even in the presence of AIF. However, when macrophages were taken from resistant mice injected with AIF and also cultivated in the presence of AIF, they were as susceptible to the virus as macrophages taken from susceptible mice. We conclude that interferons is an important factor in resistance to orthomyxoviruses governed by the gene Mx.

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Genetically determined, interferon-dependent resistance to influenza virus in mice.

Summary
A carrier state of Sindbis virus with cycling pattern was induced in the mouse L cells and in the established mouse embryo cell line MEC/c. Chick-adapted virus readily induced the persistent infection whereas the mouse-adapted virus killed cultures during the first passage. In the MEC/c line small (sp) and large (lp) plaque mutants of Sindbis virus produced more stable carrier state than the giant (gp) plaque mutant. The persistently infected cultures periodically produced small amounts of interferon. Highly specific rabbit anti-interferon globulin, which can neutralize mouse interferon, incorporated into the growth medium of carrier L line caused a 100- to 1000-fold stimulation of the synthesis of Sindbis virus after incubation for 5 days at 37 °C. The activated virus destroyed the carrier culture.

Persistent Infection of Mouse Cells with Sindbis Virus: role of Virulence of Strains, Auto-interfering Particles and Interferon

A bioassay employing polyethylene glycol for measuring neutralization of interferon by specific antibodies.

The prolonged administration of rabbit anti-mouse L cell interferon globulin had a marked potentiating effect on Rauscher Murine Leukemia Virus (MuLV-R) infection in BALB/c mice, as shown by spleen size. Normal rabbit globulin had a lesser, but still significant, augmenting effect on splenic enlargement.

Enhancement of leukemogenesis in mice after prolonged administration of anti-interferon or normal rabbit globulin

Monolayer cultures of Lpa and FS-4, mouse and human fibroblasts that are good producers of interferon were synchronized by contact inhibition and by incubation in 5% platelet poor plasma serum (PPPS) medium. When the quiescent cultures were stimulated for growth by PDGF, pre-treatment with homologous interferon before induction with virus or poly (rI) · poly (rC) did not increase interferon yeilds. Under similar experimental conditions priming (increased interferon synthesis) was demonstrated in the asynchronous or quiescent Lpa or FS-4 cells pre-treated with homologous interferon. The unprimed cells, whether stimulated for growth with PDGF or not, produced normal amounts of interferon after appropriate induction. We suggest that growth factor (PDGF), a hormone with opposing action to interferon, can inhibit priming but it has little, if any, effect on the basic process of induction of interferon synthesis.

T. Chudzio

Papers

Persistent Infection of Mouse Cells with Sindbis Virus: role of Virulence of Strains, Auto-interfering Particles and Interferon

A bioassay employing polyethylene glycol for measuring neutralization of interferon by specific antibodies.

Enhancement of leukemogenesis in mice after prolonged administration of anti-interferon or normal rabbit globulin

SHORT COMMUNICATION Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Inhibits Priming in Synchronous Mouse or Human Fibroblasts Producing Interferon