This updated, definitive reference book on concrete technology covers the fundamentals and detailed information on freshly mixed and hardened concrete for Canada The properties of concrete as needed in concrete construction are presented, including strength and durability All concrete ingredients are reviewed for their optimal use in designing and proportioning concrete mixtures Applicable standards from the American Society for Testing and Materials, Canadian Standards Association and American Concrete Institute are referred to extensively Individual chapters address: (1) fundamentals of concrete; (2) Portland, blended and other hydraulic cements; (3) fly ash, slag, silica fume and natural pozzolans; (4) mixing water; (5) aggregates for concrete; (6) admixtures for concrete; (7) fibers; (8) air-entrained concrete; (9) designing and proportioning normal concrete mixtures; (10) batching, mixing, transporting and handling concrete; (11) placing and finishing concrete; (12) curing concrete; (13) hot weather concreting; (14) cold-weather concreting; (15) volume changes of concrete; (16) control tests for concrete; (17) high-performance concrete; and (18) special types of concrete

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures

Crystallization in pores

Porous Materials Water in Porous Materials Flow in Porous Materials Unsaturated Flows Unsaturated Flow in Building Physics Composite Materials Evaporation and Drying Topics in Water Transport Appendices Symbols Used Properties of Water Minerals, Salts and Solutions Other Liquids Other Data

Water Transport in Brick, Stone and Concrete

Mercury porosimetry of hardened cement pastes

Mechanisms of Air Entrainment in Concrete

ACCORDING TO THE HYDRAULIC-PRESSURE HYPOTHESIS OF FROST ACTION ON CONCRETE, THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENTRAINED AIR DEPENDS ON VOID SPACING. THE THEORETICAL MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SPACING IS FOUND ANALYTICALLY TO BE A FUNCTION OF PASTE PROPERTIES, DEGREE OF SATURATION OF THE PASTE, AND RATE OF COOLING. APPLIED TO EXPERIMENTAL DATA FROM SIX DIFFERENT PASTES, COOLED AT 20 F. PER HOUR, THE THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS GAVE SPACING FACTORS RANGING FROM 0.01 TO 0.026 IN. OR MORE, DEPENDING ON PASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND VOID SIZE. A SPACING FACTOR FOR THE VOIDS IN HARDENED CONCRETE, AS WELL AS THE TOTAL VOLUME OF AIR, CAN BE CALCULATED FROM DATA OBTAINABLE BY THE LINEAR TRANSVERSE METHOD. THE NECESSARY MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE GIVEN IN THIS PAPER. THE ACTUAL MAXIMUM SPACING FACTOR FOR CERTAIN FROST RESISTANT CONCRETES WAS ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT 0.01 IN., A RESULT CONSIDERED TO BE IN EXCELLENT AGREEMENT WITH THAT OBTAINED FROM THE THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS. THE AIR REQUIREMENT IS THAT AMOUNT THAT MEETS THE SPACING REQUIREMENTS. IN GENERAL, THE AIR REQUIREMENT FOR A GIVEN RATE OF COOLING DEPENDS UPON THE PASTE CONTENT, THE SPECIFIC SURFACE OF THE VOIDS, AND THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SPACING FACTOR. WHEN VOIDS ARE TOO WIDELY SPACED TO PREVENT FAILURE OF SATURATED PASTE, FAILURE WILL ALSO OCCUR AT MOISTURE CONTENTS BELOW SATURATION. WITHIN LIMITS, THE DENSER THE PASTE THE LOWER THE DEGREE OF SATURATION AT FAILURE. /AUTHOR/

T F Willis

Papers

The air requirement of frost resistant concrete