Clay mineral studies in the U.S.S.R., mainly since 1960, are summarized. Electron diffrac- tion techniques especially have been developed and used extensively. Methods have been developed for simultaneous recording of DTA curves and other properties. Polytypism of phyllosilicates has been studied intensively by Zvyagin and others. Mucfi new information on the structure and morphol- ogy of halloysites has been obtained by electron-optical methods. Other clay minerals extensively studied include allophanes, kaolinites, chlorites ("donbassite" is preferred to "sudoite" for diocta- hedral varieties), alushtite (or tosudite), monothermite, and various zinc-bearing clays. Much attention has been given to physico-chemical and colloid-chemical properties. The natural occurrence and alteration of clays and clay minerals are described in weathering and oxidation zones, in soils, and in Recent and Ancient sediments. Primary clay minerals of hydrothermal origin are described.

Some Results of the Study of Clay Minerals in the U.S.S.R.

Secondary terpene alcohols cis- and trans-verbenol, neo-iso-verbanol, borneol, iso-borneol, and menthol were oxidized by chlorine dioxide into the corresponding ketones. It was shown that the nature of the solvent and catalyst and the structure of the starting compound, including the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl, influenced the oxidation process.

Oxidation of secondary terpene alcohols by chlorine dioxide

Sensitivity of human embryonic stem cells to different conditions during cryopreservation.

A general  analysis  of  the  typical  juice  making  factory  wastewater  composition  and  its treatment technology is carried out. Since the technology used at the moment does not ensure effective decontamination and complete renovation of the wastewater treatment equipment is not feasible, some simple actions are proposed to improve the treatment quality. Possible efficiency of these actions is also analyzed and discussed.

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T. F. Young

Papers

Physico-Chemical Principles.