Wireless sensor networks are the networks consisting of large number of small and tiny sensor nodes. The nodes are supplied with limited power, memory and other resources and perform in-network processing. In this paper, various issues are discussed that actually put the limitations in the well working and the life time of the network. In Wireless sensor network, nodes should consume less power, memory and so data aggregation should be performed. Security is another aspect which should be present in the network. Quality of service, routing, medium access schemes all are considered in designing the protocols.

Wireless Sensor Network -A Survey

The cloud is migrating to the edge of the network, where routers themselves may become the virtualisation infrastructure, in an evolution labelled as "the fog". However, many other complementary technologies are reaching a high level of maturity. Their interplay may dramatically shift the information and communication technology landscape in the following years, bringing separate technologies into a common ground. This paper offers a comprehensive definition of the fog, comprehending technologies as diverse as cloud, sensor networks, peer-to-peer networks, network virtualisation functions or configuration management techniques. We highlight the main challenges faced by this potentially breakthrough technology amalgamation.

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Finding your Way in the Fog: Towards a Comprehensive Definition of Fog Computing

Extensive empirical studies presented in this article confirm that the quality of radio communication between low-power sensor devices varies significantly with time and environment. This phenomenon indicates that the previous topology control solutions, which use static transmission power, transmission range, and link quality, might not be effective in the physical world. To address this issue, online transmission power control that adapts to external changes is necessary. This article presents ATPC, a lightweight algorithm for Adaptive Transmission Power Control in wireless sensor networks. In ATPC, each node builds a model for each of its neighbors, describing the correlation between transmission power and link quality. With this model, we employ a feedback-based transmission power control algorithm to dynamically maintain individual link quality over time. The intellectual contribution of this work lies in a novel pairwise transmission power control, which is significantly different from existing node-level or network-level power control methods. Also different from most existing simulation work, the ATPC design is guided by extensive field experiments of link quality dynamics at various locations over a long period of time. The results from the real-world experiments demonstrate that (1) with pairwise adjustment, ATPC achieves more energy savings with a finer tuning capability, and (2) with online control, ATPC is robust even with environmental changes over time.

ATPC: Adaptive Transmission Power Control for Wireless Sensor Networks

Secure routing for internet of things

The important function of a sensor network is to collect and forward data to destination. It is very important to know about the location of collected data. This kind of information can be obtained using localization technique in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Localization is a way to determine the location of sensor nodes. Localization of sensor nodes is an interesting research area, and many works have been done so far. It is highly desirable to design low-cost, scalable, and efficient localization mechanisms for WSNs. In this paper, we discuss sensor node architecture and its applications, different localization techniques, and few possible future research directions.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2013/304628

Localization Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks

The military, the research community, emergency services, and industrial environments all rely on ad hoc mobile wireless networks because of their simple infrastructure and minimal central administration. Now in its second edition, Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Principles, Protocols, and Applications explains the concepts, mechanism, design, and performance of these highly valued systems. Following an overview of wireless network fundamentals, the book explores MAC layer, routing, multicast, and transport layer protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks. Next, it examines quality of service and energy management systems. Additional chapters cover mobility models for multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks as well as cross-layer design issues. Exploring Bluetooth, IrDA (Infrared Data Association), HomeRF, WiFi, WiMax, Wireless Internet, and Mobile IP, the book contains appropriate examples and problems at the end of each chapter to illustrate each concept. This second edition has been completely updated with the latest technology and includes a new chapter on recent developments in the field, including sensor networks, personal area networks (PANs), smart dress, and vehicular ad hoc networks. Self-organized, self-configured, and self-controlled, ad hoc mobile wireless networks will continue to be valued for a range of applications, as they can be set up and deployed anywhere and anytime. This volume captures the current state of the field as well as upcoming challenges awaiting researchers.

Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Principles, Protocols and Applications

In recent years there has been a growing interest in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Recent advancements in the field of sensing, computing and communications have attracted research efforts and huge investments from various quarters in the field of WSN. Also sensing networks will reveal previously unobserved phenomena. The various areas where major research activities going on in the field of WSN are deployment, localization, synchronization, data aggregation, dissemination, database querying, architecture, middleware, security, designing less power consuming devices, abstractions and higher level algorithms for sensor specific issues. This paper provides an overview of ongoing research activities, various design issues involved and possible solutions incorporating these issues. This paper provides a cursory look at each and every topic in WSN and our main aim is to introduce a newbie to the field of WSN and make him understand the various topics of interest available for research.

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Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks

Summary A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network consisting of a set of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without centralized control or established infrastructure. The mobility model represents the moving behavior of each mobile node (MN) in the MANET that should be realistic. It is a crucial part in the performance evaluation of MANET. In this paper, we have studied the effects of various random mobility models on the performance of AODV. For experimental purposes, we have considered three mobility scenarios: Random Waypoint, Random Walk with Reflections and Random Walk with Wrapping. Experimental results illustrate that performance of the routing protocol varies across different parameters like number of nodes, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.

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Effect of Random Mobility Models Pattern in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

In this paper the focus is on the performance study of four routing protocols, namely AODV, AODVUU, RAODV and AOMDV. We call these protocols AODV family of protocols as all these protocols consider AODV as the base routing protocol upon which these protocols are improved. Even though AODV and AODVUU are not different protocols, we wanted to see if there is any improvement in using the AODVUU implementation for a sensor network environment. We have investigated whether a multiple path algorithm like AOMDV would result in more data delivery as compared to single path solutions like AODV in a sensor network. Also, the reverse route discovery mechanisms employed in RAODV is checked for a sensor network. There is a need to understand the versatile behavioral aspects of these routing protocols in a wireless sensor network with varying traffic loads and the number of sources. All these protocols are simulated using NS-2 over IEEE 802.15.4. We also claim that our work is the first of its kind to study and compare the performance of all these four routing protocols from a sensor network point of view by extensively using various performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, average network delay, network throughput and normalized routing load.

Performance analysis of AODV, AODVUU, AOMDV and RAODV over IEEE 802.15.4 in wireless sensor networks

A characteristic feature of ad hoc networks is the infrastructure less and seamless connectivity of the wireless mobile nodes. Mobility plays an important role in the connectivity of these nodes. In this paper a performance comparison of five important mobility models; Community Model, Group Force Mobility Model (GFMM), Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM), Manhattan Mobility Model and Random Waypoint-Steady State (RWP-SS) Mobility Model has been analyzed. Community Model, GFMM and RPGM Mobility Models are pure group mobility models, while Manhattan Mobility Model can be considered as a pseudo Group Mobility Model. We have included RWP-SS to give a whole picture of how group mobility models stand against a random model like RWP-SS. From our analysis we deduce that group mobility models hold inherent advantage over mobility models like Random Waypoint models. Among the group mobility models, Community model has good performance when compared to other mobility models. Energy Consumption of these mobility models has also been analyzed. Various Metrics like Packet Delivery Ratio, Average Network Delay, Network Throughput, Routing Overhead and Number of Hops have been considered. The results obtained in our paper colligates with the theoretical results in [20]. We also claim that our work is the first to compare these five different mobility models together.

T.G. Basavaraju

Papers

Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Principles, Protocols and Applications

Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks

Effect of Random Mobility Models Pattern in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Performance analysis of AODV, AODVUU, AOMDV and RAODV over IEEE 802.15.4 in wireless sensor networks

Simulation Based Performance Comparison of Community Model, GFMM, RPGM, Manhattan Model and RWP-SS Mobility Models in MANET