This paper examines technological progress and its effects in the banking industry. Banks are intensive users of both IT and financial technologies, and have a wealth of data available that may be helpful for the general understanding of the effects of technological change. The research suggests improvements in costs and lending capacity due to improvements in “back-office” technologies, as well as consumer benefits from improved “front-office” technologies. The research also suggests significant overall productivity increases in terms of improved quality and variety of banking services. In addition, the research indicates that technological progress likely helped facilitate consolidation of the industry. This paper examines the available evidence on technological progress and its effects in the banking industry. Innovations in information processing, telecommunications, and related technologies—known collectively as “information technology” or “IT”—are often credited with helping fuel strong growth in the U.S. economy, although questions remain about the relative importance of IT versus other factors. The extensive research on the banking industry may help in the general understanding about the effects of technological change. The category of Depository and Nondepository Financial Institutions—of which banking is an integral part—is the most IT-intensive industry in the U.S. as measured by the ratio of computer equipment and software to value added (Triplett and Bosworth 2002, Table 2).

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The Economic Effects of Technological Progress: Evidence from the Banking Industry

FOREWORD The project required collaboration among a number of entities on three continents: the Financial Sector Team within the Policy Division of DFID UK financed and supported the main project (Justin Highstead); and two country financial sector programmes, FSD in Kenya (David Ferrand) and FinMark Trust in South Africa (Jeremy Leach), financed and facilitated the country-level information gathering processes. Country correspondents Keith Smith (South Africa) and Stefan Staschen (Kenya) played a vital information gathering and facilitation role in each of the pilot countries. We collaborated throughout with a parallel and related CGAP project on branchless distribution in financial services, of which mobile banking is an emerging part. The CGAP team led by Tim Lyman and Gautam Ivatury provided valuable insights and context from their reference countries. In addition, the Central Bank of Kenya convened a project team to complete the country template, and then hosted a country workshop in Nairobi, Kenya in March 2006. Various providers completed questionnaires during the projects, and participated with regulators and support agencies at the final overall project workshop in Johannesburg in late March 2006. Tim Manion and Chris Lee assisted me with the background research in Boston. My thanks are due to all these for their help and support throughout. The rapid spread of mobile phones means that the number of mobile users may already exceed the number of banked people in many low income countries. Mobile phones can also offer a communications channel for initiating and executing on-line financial transactions. This channel may not only reduce the cost of financial transactions for provider and customer, but also allow new entrants to the financial sector, and new relationships to be formed for distributing services. These changes hold the prospect of accelerating access to financial services on the back of the mobile infrastructure. This report investigates the extent to which the expansion of mobile telephony is likely to lead to the expansion of access to appropriate financial services in developing countries, especially Africa. In particular, it seeks to answer two main questions: • Which models of mobile banking are emerging globally, and especially in Africa, and are they likely to be accelerate access? • Will it happen spontaneously or is enablement required for this to happen? If so, what forms of enablement? To answer these questions, the report investigates emerging models and trajectories of development in m-payments and m-banking through interviews with emerging African providers …

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The enabling environment for mobile banking in africa

Access to financial services, or rather the lack thereof, is often indiscriminately decried as problem in many developing countries. This paper argues that the “problem of access” should rather be analyzed by identifying different demand and supply constraints. We use the concept of an access possibilities frontier, drawn for a given set of state variables, to distinguish between cases where a financial system settles below the constrained optimum, cases where this constrained optimum is too low, and—in credit services—cases where the observed outcome is excessively high. We distinguish between payment and savings services and fixed intermediation costs, on the one hand, and lending services and different sources of credit risk, on the other hand. We include both supply and demand side frictions that can lead to lower access. The analysis helps identify bankable and banked population, the binding constraint to close the gap between the two, and policies to prudently expand the bankable population. This new conceptual framework can inform the debate on adequate policies to expand access to financial services and can serve as basis for an informed measurement of access.

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The Basic Analytics of Access to Financial Services

The overall impact of financial globalization on the domestic financial sector is profound. Liberalization of capital flows has effectively made domestic financial repression obsolete. The consequences have not been uniformly favorable. Following liberalization, domestic interest rates in developing countries have moved to a premium over industrial country rates, and can surge at times of currency speculation. Heightened interest rate and exchange rate volatility pose practical risk management difficulties for financial intermediaries and reinforce the need for appropriate infrastructures and incentives for risk containment, as well as for good macropolicies. On the other hand, the cost of equity capital has been reduced by allowing foreign investor access to local equity markets and allowing local firms to list abroad. Increased international flows through the equity markets have not been the major contributor to increased international sources of volatility. In addition to opening access to foreign-sourced financial services, more and more countries have been permitting foreign-owned banks and other financial firms to operate locally. Although this can represent a threat to domestic owners of financial firms, the drawback is outweighed by improved service quality. On all three fronts--debt, equity, and services--the costs and risks as well as the benefits of increased financial globalization. knowledges

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9929/1/mpra_paper_9929.pdf

Finance for Growth: Policy Choices in a Volatile World

Around the world, factoring is a growing source of external financing for corporations and small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs). What is unique about factoring is that the credit provided by a lender is explicitly linked to the value of a supplier's accounts receivable and not the supplier's overall creditworthiness. Therefore, factoring allows high-risk suppliers to transfer their credit risk to their high-quality buyers. Factoring may be particularly useful in countries with weak judicial enforcement and imperfect records of upholding seniority claims because receivables are sold, rather than collateralized, and factored receivables are not part of the estate of a bankrupt SME. Empirical tests find that factoring is larger in countries with greater economic development and growth and developed credit information bureaus. In addition, the author finds that creditor rights are not related to factoring. The author also discusses reverse factoring, which is a technology that can mitigate the problem of borrowers' informational opacity in business environments with weak information infrastructures if only receivables from high-quality buyers are factored. She illustrates the case of the Nafin reverse factoring program in Mexico and highlights how the use of electronic channels and a supportive legal and regulatory environment can cut costs and provide greater SME services in emerging markets.

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The role of factoring for financing small and medium enterprises

In recent years, the emergence of electronic finance—especially online banking and brokerage services, and new trading systems—has reshaped the financial landscape around the world. This paper reviews these developments and finds that they are greatly impacting the structure of and competition in financial services industries and will have a large impact on incumbents. Its assessment of how e-finance, and globalization more generally, affects countries highlights the need for changes in four financial sector policy areas—safety and soundness, competition policy, consumer and investor protection, and global public policies—to mitigate risks and reap as much as possible the potential benefits of e-finance.

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T. Glaessner

Papers

Electronic Finance: Reshaping the Financial Landscape Around the World

E-Finance in Emerging Markets: Is Leapfrogging Possible?