This chapter contains sections titled: Background The Turing Test Simulation of Human Expertise Neural Networks Definition of Intelligence Intelligence, the Scientific Method, and Evolution Evolving Artificial Intelligence References Chapter 1 Exercises

Defining Artificial Intelligence

Of great apes and robots: Considering the future(s) of cultural heritage

This paper devoted to development of most prosperous scientific directions in twenty-first century. Special attention paid to analysis of future perspectives of robotics, automation and information science and their correlation with life science and most important fields of human activity: sport and culture. Different kinds of sport robots and their functionalities are discussed in details, in particular, humanoids, home service robots, game robots etc. The literature analysis shows: some research and investigations deal with problem to find culture differences when the user interacts with a home robot having facial expressions; different nations have different cultures which are inevitably reflected in communication modes; in the field of sports and athletics, it is important for athletes to recognize their own performance by themselves to gain skills effectively using modern robotic and information systems. The role of information technology in culture and sport development is also under consideration as Internet, World Wide Web, and related information and communication technologies have rapidly spread to a large number of countries and cultures.

Robotics, Automation and Information Systems: Future Perspectives and Correlation with Culture, Sport and Life Science

Phenomenology was born with the mission to give foundations for science of experience and to open consciousness to scientific study. The influence of phenomenology initiated in the works of Husserl and continued in a wide range of works of others was immense, but mainly within the confines of philosophy and the humanities. The actual attempts to develop a scientific discipline of the study of consciousness and to carry out research on cognition and consciousness were always based on the methods of traditional science in which elimination of the subjective has been always a primary tenet. Thus, focus was mainly on neurological correlates of conscious phenomena. The present paper is an attempt to initiate an extension and revision of phenomenological methodology with the use of philosophical and scientific experience and knowledge accumulated in a century of inquiry and research in relevant disciplines. The question which disciplines are relevant is crucial and our answer is innovative. The range of disciplines involved here is from information science and studies of computation, up to cultural psychology and the studies of philosophical traditions of the East. Concepts related to information and computation studies provide a general conceptual framework free from the limitations of particular languages and of linguistic analysis. This conceptual framework is extending the original perspective of phenomenology to issues of modern technology and science. Cultural psychology gives us tools to root out what in phenomenology was considered universal for humanity, but was a result of European ethnocentrism. Most important here is the contrast between individualistic and collectivistic cultural determinants of consciousness. Finally, philosophical tradition of the East gives alternatives in seeking solutions for fundamental problems. This general outline of the research methodology is illustrated by an example of its use when phenomenology is studied within the conceptual framework of information.

Situated phenomenology and biological systems: Eastern and Western synthesis

Although cultural heritage management is an inherently retrospective discipline, there is a need for strategic forward thinking. Too many valuable heritage places have been lost because they are not recognized and assessed in time. As cultural heritage management begins to examine modern structures and sites, this paper takes strategic thinking in cultural heritage management one step further and addresses the management of artifactual material created by our closest relatives, the great apes. Given the increasing understanding that chimpanzees have cultures and traditions in tool use, there is a need to recognize their heritage value in reference to human evolution.Expanding the concept of nonhuman heritage into the future, it is now also time to explore how to deal with the artifacts that the first artificial intelligence (AI)-imbued, self-reflecting robots will create. By extension, which artifacts will be kept along the way? The contemplation of the role of nonhuman heritage will ultimately foster a reappraisal of human heritage. The article outlines some of the conceptual issues that must be addressed if our heritage is to have an ethical future.*Institute of Land, Water and Society. Email: e-mail dspennemann@csu.edu.au

A Line in the Sand? Explorations of the Cultural Heritage Value of Hominid, Pongid, and Robotid Artifacts

From his work with natural language and robot behavior, which became especially visible with Sony's Aibo, to his new focus on building robot communities and studying robot interactions, Luc Steel has continually sought to redefine the AI field. He shares his opinions on AI and how the field is evolving.

T.L. Manuel

Papers

Creating a robot culture: an interview with Luc steels