The surface water resources of Bodo/Bonny communities in Rivers State suffers regular pollution of its ecosystem due to increase in crude oil exploration, refining and activities of other industrial establishments operating within the coastal areas of the Ogoniland of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.  This have resulted in the wide scale contamination of most of its creeks, swamps and rivers with hydrocarbons and dispersant products resulting in the alteration of the ecological integrity of fragile aquatic systems, bioaccumulation of chemical contaminants by zoobenthos, sediment enrichment, and smothering or asphyxiation of the organisms in water by oil coating, thereby causing death. These conditions have resulted in serious threat to public health and the ecosystems. The study was aimed at determining the physico-chemical characteristics of Bodo/Bonny coastal waters impacted by crude oil spills and their effect on the marine ecosystems. Surface water was collected from 5 stations (BBW1, BBW2, BBW3, BBW4 and LFPW5) with LFPW5 serving as control. Physico-chemical parameters were investigated following standard methods. The results of the physicochemical characteristics of the various sampling points in the dry season showed that pH, TDS and Electrical conductivity values showed statistically significant differences at   P < 0.005. pH was slightly acidic in all sampling locations except for the Link fish pond, the values ranged from 6.20–6.40 which was below DPR Limit of 6.5-8.5 for potable water, TDS recorded 43175–57075 mg/L above DPR permissible Limit of 5000mg/L. Electrical Conductivity (EC) values ranged from 54050 -57050 µS/cm. The Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Turbidity, Chloride recorded in this study varied significantly at P< 0.05. Results of the physicochemical parameters of surface water in the wet season fell within the standard limits except for the conductivity that was above the permissible limits. Comparatively the mean pH value of surface river water with Linked fish pond water which served as the control revealed that the Link fish pond water had the highest pH value of 7.9 than the surface river water samples with a pH of 6.4, TDS (60,200 mg/L), Electrical Conductivity (EC) (µS/cm3) followed a similar pattern with the mean EC value of 55,800 mg/L as against 750mg/L for the Link Fish pond water. Temperature recorded 310C as against 300C for the link fish pond while the Salinity (mg/L) of the surface river water was 31.63 mg/L. Dissolved Oxygen was  2.3 mg/L, Biochemical Oxygen Demand values for the surface river water was 0.49 mg/L while the Link fish pond water had 0.3mg/L. These values obtained in this study shows that the spilled oil in the water could impact on species abundance and biomass by depleting and depriving the fishes from available O2 for survival thus resulting in asphyxiation.

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Physico-Chemistry of Surface Water Impacted by Crude Oil Spills in Bodo/Bonny Rivers, Nigeria

Gas monitors for carbon monoxide CO, sulfur dioxide SO2, nitrogen oxide NO2) and stop watches were used to assess the quantity of these gases released when various machines and engines were at work in Makurdi Metropolis. Data was taken after every fifteen minutes in the daytime ( 8hours ) on exhausts of take off vehicles at major and minor roads, markets, on electric generating and milling machines, in restaurants and domestic kitchens from five areas of the town , High-level roundabout labeled as zone A , Wurukum roundabout - zone B, Wadata market - zone C, Nyiman layout - zone D and Gyado villa - zone E. Average results from all the zones show the highest amount of Carbon monoxide CO in the atmosphere as 33.5 ppm in zone B , Sulfur dioxide SO2 as 1.2 ppm in A and Nitrogen dioxide NO2 as 0.28 ppm.in zone E. Going by the Environmental Protection Agency EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS amended in 1990, Environmental Health Watch 2011 , National Guidelines on Environmental Health Practice in Nigeria and Environmental Health Officers Registration Council of Nigeria 2007 . The six principal pollutants called "criteria" pollutants which include carbon monoxide , sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide , their limits to exposure is high. Key words Gases , Zones , Exhausts, Methodology , Inhaled

Pollution Due To Carbon Monoxide Co, Sulfur Dioxide So2, Nitrogen Oxide No2 Gases Released Into Makurdi Metropolitan Environment As A Result Of Different Out / Indoor Door Activities In Benue State Nigeria.

Effects of Pollutants on the Aquatic Environment

Aim: The physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of Aleto stream were investigated to determine its status.Research Design: Samples were collected randomly from four points; upstream, outfall, downstream of Aleto stream with Agbonchia stream serving as control. Methodology: The physico-chemical parameters: temperature, pH, EC, turbidity, TSS, TDS, total hardness, calcium hardness, alkalinity, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, COD, BOD, DO, color, odor and taste were determined using standard methods. Heavy metal levels were determined using AAS.Results: The physico-chemical characteristics revealed range values of EC (5400-5600 µs/cm), turbidity (39-90NTU), TDS (2780-3020 mg/L), Total Hardness (550-600 mg/L), calcium hardness (500-550 mg/L), chloride (1798-2043 mg/L), COD (50-115 mg/L), BOD (12-23 mg/L) and DO (12-15 mg/L) were above WHO permissible limits for upstream, outfall and downstream while alkalinity, nitrate, phosphate, and temperature ranges of 22-23 mg/L, 3.7-4.7 mg/L, 0.6 -1.9 mg/L and 26-26.3OC respectively were within maximum allowable limit of WHO. The pH was slightly alkaline for Aleto Stream. Color and taste for the water samples were above recommended limits. The heavy metal levels were Fe: 0.488, 0.499, 0.499 and 0.142; Zn: 0.094, 0.094, 0.095 and 0.061; Cd: 0.055, 0.053, 0.051 and 0.022; Pd: 0.358, 0.386, 0.419 and 0.110; Cr: 0.131, 0.141, 0.152 and 0.018; As: <0.01, <0.01. <0.01 and <0.01 for downstream, upstream, outfall and control samples respectively. The result suggests that there is significant difference in the mean values of the parameters in the water sources considered. Conclusion: Thus, regular surveillance should be carried out on the stream to detect any alteration in the water quality in order to avert any outbreak of health disorders.

Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of aleto stream, eleme, rivers state, nigeria

Taabaa streams situated at Taabaa-Okwale and East-West roads, Taabaa were investigated using physico-chemical and entomofauna biodiversity indicators to ascertain their pollution status, following series of human activities; bathing/laundry services, cars/motorcycles washing, run-offs from agricultural farms that occur at the streams. The discharge from the run-offs and other sources into the streams may cause increase in the hydro-carbon concentration and phosphates of the water bodies and consequently changes the pH, available dissolved oxygen, and biodiversity composition of the streams, making it unsuitable for its inhabitants and humans that use the water for drinking. This study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical concentrations and entomofauna diversity of the streams. The pH quality meter was used in-situ to obtain readings of pH and dissolved oxygen values. Water samples used for the analysis of chemical variables were collected from the surface water using 250 ml plastic bottles, and taken to the Laboratory where they were measured spectrophotometrically. A rectangular frame dipnet and a kicknet (500 um mesh size) was used to collect insect samples randomly and taken to the Laboratory for sorting and identification. The results indicated a low pH, and available dissolved oxygen of 6.4 and 3.7 mg/l at the station (Taabaa-Okwale Rd) of the stream. It also shows an increase in the concentrations of phosphates (5.8 mg/l) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (3.47 mg/l) which were higher than WHO permissible limits. The entomofauna indicators comprising species richness and abundance, species sensitivity, and species dominance results showed that station 1 recorded 90 and station 2 (East-West Rd) 149 individual insects. The abundance of Hemiptera and Diptera were higher at station 1 and species that belong to Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) were sensitive to the contaminants and were absent at station 1 but occurred at station 2. The bioindicator species encountered at station 1 were Cybister sp., Gyrinus sp., Gerris sp., Corixa sp., and Chironomus sp. and that of station 2 were in addition to EPT species; Pelocoris sp. and Dytiscus sp. Hemiptera was the dominant insect order representing 19.66% and Chironomus sp. the dominant single species collected during the study. The results indicates that the pollution status of station 1 was relatively higher

Physico-Chemical and Entomofauna Biodiversity Assessment of Pollution Status of Taabaa Streams, Nigeria

Aim: This research work aimed to determine the impact of industrial effluent discharge on the physicochemical properties of Aleto Stream, Eleme and Rivers State. Study Design: Random sampling technique was applied in this study. The study area was divided into three sites; upstream, downstream all of Aleto Stream and Agbonchia Stream which serves for the control experiment. Water samples for eleven physical and six chemical parameters were collected in a Completely Randomized Design. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out on Aleto and Agbonchia streams at Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria from 2017 to 2018. Methodology: Two samples were collected; one sample at the Aleto stream where the industrial effluent is being channelled into the stream and the other sample was collected from Agbonchia stream, which was used as a control. In the Aleto Stream, sampling was made at two points; point A (upstream) point B (downstream) and each of these points had their Physico-chemical properties Original Research Article Gbarakoro et al.; ARRB, 35(1): 79-89, 2020; Article no.ARRB.55095 80 tested while only one sample was collected from the Agbonchia Stream. Physico-chemical properties were analyzed in the samples using pH meter for pH, Turbidity meter for turbidity, Conductivity meter for electrical conductivity, phosphate by colourimetric method, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) by gravimetric method, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) by standard method, chloride, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), calcium hardness, total hardness by titrimetric method, colour, odour and taste by sensory method. Results: Results obtained on the Physico-chemical properties had varying concentrations of Temperature, Total hardness, Chloride, Alkalinity, DO and Phosphate that were within world health organization (24) and Federal Ministry of Environment (1991) permissible limits on both upstream and downstream with values ranging from 29.0-23.7C, 360-125 mg/l, 120-100 mg/l, 36-30 mg/l, 4.9-4.4 mg/l, 1.92-1.2 mg/l respectively while Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, TSS, TDS, Calcium hardness, COD, BOD, Colour, Taste and Odour were above permissible limits on both upstream and downstream with values ranging from 1660-1700 mg/l, 83-112NTU, 82-80 mg/l, 910-914 mg/l, 1590-1900 mg/l, 100-165 mg/l, 4.36-3.88 mg/l respectively. The pH values ranged from 9.0-6.3 mg/l showing a result on the upstream to be alkaline while the downstream was slightly acidic. The increase in the above parameters above their permissible limits is as a result of the impact of industrial effluent discharges drained into the stream. This indicates that the stream is unfit for both human and aquatic inmates. Conclusion: Therefore, proper management of this effluent should be ensured and an acute test with lethal concentration (LC50) as the endpoint is recommended to determine the degree of toxicity of the effluent waste.

https://www.journalarrb.com/index.php/ARRB/article/download/30183/56655

T. N. Gbarakoro

Papers

Impact of Industrial Effluent Discharge on the Physico-chemical Properties of Aleto Stream, Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria