With increasing design complexity, the gap from ESL (Electronic System Level) design to RTL synthesis becomes more and more crucial to many industrial projects. Although several behavioral synthesis tools exist to automatically generate synthesizable RTL code from C/C++/SystemC-based input descriptions and software generation for embedded processors is automated as well, an efficient ESL synthesis methodology combining both is still missing. This article presents SystemCoDesigner, a novel SystemC-based ESL tool to automatically optimize a hardware/software SoC (System on Chip) implementation with respect to several objectives. Starting from a SystemC behavioral model, SystemCoDesigner automatically extracts the mathematical model, performs a behavioral synthesis step, and explores the multiobjective design space using state-of-the-art multiobjective optimization algorithms. During design space exploration, a single design point is evaluated by simulating highly accurate performance models, which are automatically generated from the SystemC behavioral model and the behavioral synthesis results. Moreover, SystemCoDesigner permits the automatic generation of bit streams for FPGA targets from any previously optimized SoC implementation. Thus SystemCoDesigner is the first fully automated ESL synthesis tool providing a correct-by-construction generation of hardware/software SoC implementations. As a case study, a model of a Motion-JPEG decoder was automatically optimized and implemented using SystemCoDesigner. Several synthesized SoC variants based on this model show different tradeoffs between required hardware costs and achieved system throughput, ranging from software-only solutions to pure hardware implementations that reach real-time performance for QCIF streams on a 50MHz FPGA.

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SystemCoDesigner—an automatic ESL synthesis approach by design space exploration and behavioral synthesis for streaming applications

Interest in synthesis of Application Specific Instruction Processors or ASIPs has increased considerably and a number of methodologies have been proposed in the last decade. This paper attempts to survey the state of the art in this area and identifies some issues which need to be addressed. We have identified the five key steps in ASIP design as application analysis, architectural design space exploration, instruction set generation, code synthesis and hardware synthesis. A broad classification of the approaches reported in the literature is done. The paper notes the need to broaden the architectural space being explored and to tightly couple the various subtasks in ASIP synthesis.

ASIP design methodologies: survey and issues

Modern development methods and tools for embedded reconfigurable systems: A survey

Electronic Design Automation for Integrated Circuits Handbook

This paper presents the INSIDE system that rapidly searches the design space for extensible processors, given area and performance constraints of an embedded application, while minimizing the design turn-around-time. Our system consists of a) a methodology to determine which code segments are most suited for implementation as a set of extensible instructions, b) a heuristic algorithm to select pre-configured extensible processors as well as extensible instructions (library), and c) an estimation tool which rapidly estimates the performance of an application on a generated extensible processor. By selecting the right combination of a processor core plus extensible instructions, we achieve a performance increase on average of 2.03x (up to 7x) compared to the base processor core at a minimum hardware overhead of 25% on average.

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INSIDE: INstruction Selection/Identification & Design Exploration for Extensible Processors

In this paper we present a novel methodology for processor evaluation in an embedded systems design environment. This evaluation can help in either selecting a suitable processor core or in evaluating changes to an ASIP. The processor evaluation is carried out in two stages. First, an architecture independent stage in which processors are rejected based on key application parameters and secondary architecture dependent stage in which performance is estimated on selected processors. The contribution of our work includes identification of application parameters which can influence processor selection, a mechanism to capture widely varying processor architectures and an instruction constrained scheduler. Initial experimental results suggest the potential of this approach.

T.V.K. Gupta

Papers

Processor evaluation in an embedded systems design environment