Toxicological profile for arsenic

Estimating skin permeation. The validation of five mathematical skin permeation models.

Evaluation of solute permeation through the stratum corneum: lateral bilayer diffusion as the primary transport mechanism.

Each of us encounters hundreds of toxic agents everyday, without exposure and subsequent absorption (uptake) however, there is no risk of injury. Thus, exposure assessment is one of the three legs of the stool (along with toxicity assessment and dose-response assessment) upon which the practice of risk assessment rests. The field of exposure assessment has evolved out of at least 3 other disciplines over the past 50 years, including health physics, industrial hygiene, and epidemiology. Exposure assessments are a necessary component to understanding the hazard posed by exposure to naturally (e.g., aflatoxins in foods, radon in air) and nonnaturally occurring toxicants (e.g., benzene in groundwater, MTBE in air, and food additives). This article presents a thorough review of the field, including a discussion of the terminology used in exposure assessment, a description of how to quantitatively estimate dose for the major sources of exposure (food, water, air, and soil), and many of the best sources of infor...

The practice of exposure assessment: a state-of-the-art review.

Biochemistry of the Essential Ultratrace Elements

We have investigated the skin absorption of liquid toluene and of solutions of toluene in water by the methods we used for ethylbenzene (Dutkiewicz and Tyras, I967). The absorption rate of liquid toluene was I4-23 mg./cm.2/hr in I0 estimations on nine subjects. Absorption of toluene from an aqueous solution was proportional to the concentration (Figure). For equal concentrations the rate was only a little less than that of ethylbenzene. Very short exposure of the hands to liquid toluene (a few minutes) or more prolonged exposure (about one hour) to water saturated with toluene causes the absorption of as much toluene as an eight-hour exposure to the maximum allowable concentration of o I mg. /litre of air.2

https://oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/25/3/243.full.pdf

Skin absorption of toluene, styrene, and xylene by man.

The absorption of ethylbenzene through the skin of the hand and the forearm in men was investigated experimentally. Both the absorption of liquid ethylbenzene and the absorption from aqueous solutions were studied. The rate of absorption of liquid ethylbenzene was 22 to 33 mg./cm. 2 /hr, and the rates from aqueous solutions were 118 and 215 μg./cm. 2 /hr from mean concentrations of 112 and 156 mg./litre. The mandelic acid excreted in urine was equivalent to about 4·6% of the absorbed dose—much less than after lung absorption. Urinary mandelic acid does not provide a reliable index of absorption when there is simultaneous skin and lung exposure.

https://oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/24/4/330.full.pdf

A Study of the Skin Absorption of Ethylbenzene in Man

Pentavalent inorganic arsenic was introduced by intravenous, intratracheal, gastrointestinal, and skin application in doses 0.1 to 4.0 mg/kg in rats. Isotopic technics were applied by use of As74. ...

Experimental studies on arsenic absorption routes in rats.

The absorption of toluene through the skin of the hand and the forearm in men was investigated experimentally. Both the absorption of liquid toluene and the absorption from aqueous solutions were studied using the direct method. It was stated that under the experimental conditions the rate of absorption of liquid toluene was 14–23 mg/cm2/h. In mean concentrations of 180–600 mg/1 the rate of absorption of toluene from aqueous solutions was 160-600 μg/cm2/h and increased according to the increase of toluene concentration.

The quantitative estimation of toluene skin absorption in man

: As a result of the proliferation of benzene solutions in several procuction technologies and prolonged exposure poisonings, the question about skin as a way of absorption has re-emerged with respect to the direction of preventive measures and the necessity to clarify the observed clinical signs of absorption. The absorption of benzene throughout the skin in men in experimental conditions was examined. The liquid benzene was absorbed with the velocity about 0,4 mg/sq cm/hour; the absorption of the benzene vapors was insignificant and it did not exceed 1 per cent of this absorbed throughout the respiratory ways in the same conditions. The study was based on the determination of phenol contents in urine and on the new direct chemical method for the designation of skin absorption of benzene, this method was described in the paper. The authors concluded that the absorption of benzene, this method was described in the paper. The authors concluded that the absorption of benzene throughout the skin must not be neglected.

Tadeusz Dutkiewicz

Papers

Skin absorption of toluene, styrene, and xylene by man.

A Study of the Skin Absorption of Ethylbenzene in Man

Experimental studies on arsenic absorption routes in rats.

The quantitative estimation of toluene skin absorption in man

The Absorption of Benzene through Human Skin