This paper reviews the Alcatel-Lucent Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) base station router (BSR)—a radio access network (RAN) and core network (CN) in a single network element. While typical cellular UMTS networks are built from a plethora of network elements and are maintained in a hierarchical fashion, the BSR combines all functions of a radio access network and core network in a single network element. Moreover, the BSR can be considered a wireless edge router that bridges between cellular-specific wireless transmissions and IP networks. Integrating RAN functionality in a single network element presents the following technical advantages: improving the responsiveness (i.e., latency reductions), reducing the complexity, and improving the fault tolerance of the system. © 2007 Alcatel-Lucent.

The UMTS base station router

The aim of this paper is to perform an overall comparison of different network layouts for CDMA-based cellular radio access. Cellular network layout, including base station site locations and theoretical azimuth directions of antennas, can be defined by tessellations in order to achieve a continuous coverage of the radio network. Different tessellation types—triangle, square, and hexagon—result in different carrier-to-interference scenarios, and thus will provide nonequal system-level performance. This performance of a cellular network is strongly related to configuration parameters as base station antenna height, beamwidth, and sectoring. In this paper, a theoretical model is defined for the assessment, which includes numerical analysis and system-level simulations. A numerical analysis was performed first, and then system-level Monte-Carlo simulations were conducted to verify and to extend numerical results. The obtained results of the numerical analysis indicate that a hexagonal "clover-leaf" layout is superior, but the results of system-level simulation give similar performance for the triangular and square layouts. These results indicate also the importance of the antenna height optimization for all layouts. Moreover, the simulation results also pointed out that 6-sector configuration is superior both in coverage and in capacity compared to nominal 3-sector configuration that is typically preferred in coverage-related network deployments in practice.

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Assessment of Network Layouts for CDMA Radio Access

This paper presents the experimental study on the radio wave propagation loss through long tropical forest environments at Very High Frequency, VHF (92.1MHz as a case study). The method of least square was employed to fit the experimental measured data. The measured data were then compared with some existing analytical and empirical radio propagation loss models, namely: Free Space Attenuation (FSA), Ground Reflection (GR) and Canopy-Ground Reflection (CGR), CGR plus foliage (ITU-R model) and CGR plus foliage (Weissberger model). CGR model provides the best fit for the propagation loss at VHF (92.1MHz) over long tropical forest. CGR model has minimum Normalized root-mean-square deviation, NRMSD = 0.106%. NRMSD between the measured data are the other existing models are: FSA~0.828%, GR~0.122%, CGR plus foliage (ITU-R)~0.410% and CGR plus foliage (Weissberger)~0.668%. The results obtained therefore shown that the radio wave propagation loss in the channel of consideration is due to tree-Canopy and Ground Reflections (CGR) rather than the foliage induced effect.

/pdf/further-investigation-into-vhf-radio-wavepropagation-loss-2dqflzgi1m.pdf

Further Investigation into VHF Radio WavePropagation Loss over Long Forest Channel

The main objectives of this thesis are to improve the energy efficiency and physical form-factor of high-power amplifiers in base station applications. As such, the focus of this dissertation is placed on the outphasing amplifier concept, which can offer high-efficiency, good linearity and excellent opportunities for system integration. With this mind set, various outphasing concepts have been studied at different levels of abstraction, starting from their fundamental operation, to very detailed efficiency and bandwidth considerations. In order to enable the future package integration of complete RF high-power amplifiers and transmitter lineups, dedicated design techniques for very compact and high-power magnetic components have been developed utilizing low-cost wire bonding techniques. Using these techniques, a very low-loss, high-current RF transformer concept was introduced that allows straight forward power scaling in RF amplifiers. Next, to demonstrate the practical use of these low-loss magnetic components with their related design flow, two very compact high-power class-E branch amplifiers were realized and tested. Expanding on these initial works, one of the key demonstrators of this thesis was a "70W fully packaged-integrated GaN outphasing amplifier", which represents a remarkable combination of high-efficiency, high-output power with a very small form factor. Finally, to facilitate the future integration of advanced switchmode outphasing systems in a single package, the design of high-voltage CMOS drivers was discussed and demonstrated. These devices can provide the essential physical link between the final PA stages with the intelligence of the forgoing TX chain, which is typically implemented in standard low-voltage CMOS technologies.

/pdf/energy-efficient-and-compact-rf-high-power-amplifiers-s7gd2jlf3z.pdf

Energy Efficient and Compact RF High-Power Amplifiers

Nuclear radiation and its effects is a major concern in the world from countries trying to develop the new technology and obsolete reactors that have the potential of leaking dangerous fumes on the health of their entire region. The need for ionized radiation monitoring system to act as an early warning system is essential for the safety of the region. Radiation levels that are not easily noticeable on short term bases might be damaging on long term effects. In this paper, we propose a remote ionized radiation monitoring system using the global system for mobile communication (GSM). Design considerations and implementation of the remote monitoring stations and interconnection to central station via the GSM network are included. The system will continuously measure ionized radiation, store data locally and in case of abnormality (level of radiation becomes greater than the preprogrammed alarm points) alarm messages will be automatically transmitted to the central station.

GSM Based Remote Ionized Radiation Monitoring System

1. A mobile communication system comprising a plurality of base stations that perform radio communication with user equipment and a radio network controller which controls a plurality of base stations, wherein: the above radio network controller indicates the low frequency resource that is a radio resource for transmitting a reference signal to the aforementioned user equipment for power measuring less frequently than usual against the above base station, the aforementioned base station indicates to a complement to the low-frequency resource specified above radio network controller, a low-frequency resource, which is a radio resource for transmitting the aforementioned reference signal to the above UE, less frequently than usual ivysheupomyanutaya base station transmits the aforementioned reference signal to the above UE, less frequently than usual in the low frequency resource indicated above radio network controller, and low-frequency resource further designated stantsiey.2 itself above the base. The mobile communication system according to Claim. 1, in which the above base station notifies an adjacent base station of the low-frequency resource further indicated above base stantsiey.3 itself. The mobile communication system according to Claim. 1, in which the above base station notifies said radio network controller of the low-frequency resource further indicated above base stantsiey.4 itself. mobile communication system according to claim. 3, wherein the radio network controller aforementioned change

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