Background:Nipple-sparing mastectomy is increasingly used for treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Few data exist on risk factors for complications and reconstruction outcomes.Methods:A single-institution retrospective review was performed between 2007 and 2012.Results:Two hundred eighty-five

Breast reconstruction following nipple-sparing mastectomy: predictors of complications, reconstruction outcomes, and 5-year trends.

Background: The advantages of free muscle flaps for reconstruction of lower extremity defects have been largely reported to be superior to those of fasciocutaneous flaps. Methods: One hundred seventy-four patients received 177 microsurgical free tissue transfers for distal third and ankle open tibial fractures. Patients were divided into two groups. In group I, 96 patients received 98 free muscle flaps (55.4 percent). In group II, 78 patients were treated with 79 free fasciocutaneous flaps (44.6 percent). Results: Complete flap survival was 92.9 percent and 91.1 percent in groups I and II, respectively. Postoperative infection was 11.2 percent in group I and 12.7 percent in group II. Chronic osteomyelitis developed in 9.3 percent and 12.7 percent in groups I and II, respectively. The rate of primary bone union was 84.5 percent in group I and 81 percent in group II and the rate of overall bone union was 96.9 percent in group I and 98.7 percent in group II. Finally, 92 patients in group I and 77 patients in group II could walk without crutches at 2-year follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences between the two flaps. Conclusions: The authors achieved equal functional outcomes in both soft-tissue transfers because of (1) preoperative adequate debridement of wounds and (2) selection of proper free flaps in appropriate defects. Defects with serious tridimensionality needed free muscle flaps because they conform better to such complex defects. However, free fasciocutaneous flaps are reliable and as effective for covering the less three-dimensional distal third and ankle traumatic open tibial fractures as free muscle flaps and can better tolerate the subsequent secondary surgical procedures.

Outcome comparison between free muscle and free fasciocutaneous flaps for reconstruction of distal third and ankle traumatic open tibial fractures.

After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand the indications for the use of free-tissue transfer in lower extremity reconstruction. 2. Understand modalities to enhance the healing and care of soft tissue and bone before free-tissue transfer. 3. Understand the lower extremity reconstructive ladder and the place of free-tissue transfer on the ladder. 4. Understand the specific principles of leg, foot, and ankle reconstruction. 5. Understand the factors that influence the decision to perform an immediate versus a delayed reconstruction. Free-tissue transfer using microsurgical techniques is now routine for the salvage of traumatized lower extremities. Indications for microvascular tissue transplantation for lower extremity reconstruction include high-energy injuries, most middle and distal-third tibial wounds, radiation wounds, osteomyelitis, nonunions, and tumor reconstruction. The authors discuss the techniques and indications for lower extremity reconstruction.

Lower extremity microsurgical reconstruction.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is an increasingly common procedure; however, concerns exist regarding its oncological safety due to the potential for residual breast tissue to harbor occult malignancy or future cancer. A systematic literature review was performed. Studies with internal comparison arms evaluating therapeutic NSM versus skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and/or modified radical mastectomy (MRM) were included in a meta-analysis of overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and local recurrence (LR). Studies lacking comparison arms were only included in the systematic review to evaluate mean OS, DFS, LR, and nipple–areolar recurrence (NAR). The search yielded 851 articles. Twenty studies with 5594 patients met selection criteria. The meta-analysis included eight studies with comparison arms. Seven studies that compared OS found a 3.4 % risk difference between NSM and MRM/SSM, five studies that compared DFS found a 9.6 % risk difference between NSM and MRM/SSM, and eight studies that compared LR found a 0.4 % risk difference between NSM and MRM/SSM. Risk differences for all outcomes were not statistically significant. The systematic review included all 20 studies and evaluated OS, DFS, LR, and NAR. Studies with follow-up intervals of 5 years had mean OS of 97.2, 97.9, and 86.8 %; DFS of 93.1, 92.3, and 76.1 %; LR of 5.4, 1.4, and 11.4 %; and NAR of 2.1, 1.0, and 3.4 %, respectively. This study did not detect adverse oncologic outcomes of NSM in carefully selected women with early-stage breast cancer. Use of prospective data registries, notably the Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Registry, will add clarity to this important clinical question.

https://www.cinj.org/sites/cinj/files/documents/Overall%20Survival%2C%20Disease-Free%20Survival%2C%20Local%20Recurrence%2C%20and%20Nipple-Areolar%20Recurrence%20in%20the%20Setting%20of%20Nipple-Sparing%20Mastectomy%20-%20A%20Meta-Analysis%20and%20Systematic%20Review.pdf

Overall Survival, Disease-Free Survival, Local Recurrence, and Nipple–Areolar Recurrence in the Setting of Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Ultrasound and transdermal drug delivery.

Objective:The present study evaluated the oncological safety and technical outcomes following nipple areola skin-sparing mastectomy (NASSM), skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM), and mastectomy.Summary Background Data:Cosmetic issues associated with breast cancer surgery are important. The original SSM tec

Nipple areola skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure: a single center study.

The proper selection of a recipient vessel is essential for the success of free tissue transfer, especially when the transfer is to the lower extremity. However, a general agreement on which vessel to use has not been reached yet. Conflicting data have been reported on the survival and outcome of the transferred flaps, depending on the vessel used or the location of anastomosis. The aim of this study was to identify the patterns and problems in the selection of recipient vessels for free tissue transfer to the lower extremity and to establish a general guideline for proper selection. From September of 1990 to December of 1997, 50 consecutive, microvascular, free tissue transfers were performed on the lower extremity. The causes requiring soft-tissue coverage included trauma (25), unstable scar (11), chronic osteomyelitis (7), and tumors (7). The mean follow-up period was 22.4 months (range, 2 to 41 months). In 25 cases, the posterior tibial vessel was used as the recipient vessel. The microvascular anastomosis was done proximal to the zone of injury in 45 cases. The two most important factors in the selection of a recipient vessel are the site of injury and the vascular status of the lower extremity. Less important factors include the flap to be used, method, and site of microvascular anastomosis. All the currently feasible options for recipient vessels are included, and the opinions of other surgeons are reviewed. A general guideline is established, and an algorithm for the proper selection of a recipient vessel is proposed. This algorithm is a fast and convenient guide for evaluating the wound and planning the free flap to the lower extremity.

Algorithm for recipient vessel selection in free tissue transfer to the lower extremity.

A single-stage two-flap method of total ear reconstruction in congenital microtia is reported. This method was derived from the one-stage reconstruction described by Song and Song. Two flaps defined by vascular basis were elevated on the mastoid area: the superficial skin flap supplied mainly by subcutaneous pedicled arteriole perforators from the posterior auricular artery and the deeper axial-pattern fascial flap including the posterior auricular artery itself. The ear framework, exaggeratedly carved using autologous rib cartilage, could be inserted easily between the two flaps, simultaneously producing the auriculocephalic angle and the conchal wall. Intraoperative expansion of the skin flap and postoperative external ear molding also were performed to create aesthetically pleasing ears.

A single-stage two-flap method of total ear reconstruction

Background and Objectives
Skin sparing mastectomy (SSM) has been demonstrated as an oncologically safe procedure for early breast cancer in several studies. But few studies concerned the safety of SSM for patients with locally advanced breast cancer; therefore, its safety for these patients is less clear. The purpose of this study is to examine the oncological safety of SSM followed by immediate reconstruction for locally advanced breast cancer.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 897 breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy for stage IIB (T3N0)-III between 1996 and 2005. Of 897, 87 underwent SSM (n = 73) or nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM, n = 14). We compared the local recurrence (LR) rate, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for SSM group with conventional mastectomy group.

Results
The 5-year DFS and OS of SSM group were not worse than those of CM group for all stages. LR rate was 3.0% (2/67) for IIB, 2.8% (1/36) for IIIA, 4.5% (1/22) for IIIC, and 5.0% (1/20) for T3 in SSM group. There was no difference in LR rates between SSM group and CM group for all stages.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that SSM followed by immediate reconstruction is oncologically safe for locally advanced breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:39–42. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Oncological safety of skin sparing mastectomy followed by immediate reconstruction for locally advanced breast cancer

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with mastectomy skin flap necrosis during immediate reconstruction with TRAM or DIEP flaps.Methods: This study reviewed 1116 cases of immediate breast reconstruction over 10 years. Patients ranged in age from 29–76 years (average = 45.1 years), and had an average follow-up period of 65.6 months. Thirteen factors (age, BMI (body mass index), smoking habits, diabetes ptosis grade, midclavicle-to-nipple distance, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, free or pedicled flap, mastectomy method, surgeon, stage, axillary dissection, mastectomy weight) known to be associated with mastectomy flap necrosis were retrospectively analysed. The odds ratios of the risk factors were calculated using logistic regression analyses.Results: Mastectomy skin flap necrosis occurred in 247 cases (22.1%). Univariate regression analysis showed that the odds ratio of age, BMI, ptosis grade, midclavicle-to-nipple distance, free flap, mastectomy method, sur...

Taik Jong Lee

Papers

Nipple areola skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure: a single center study.

Algorithm for recipient vessel selection in free tissue transfer to the lower extremity.

A single-stage two-flap method of total ear reconstruction

Oncological safety of skin sparing mastectomy followed by immediate reconstruction for locally advanced breast cancer

Risk factors of mastectomy skin flap necrosis in immediate breast reconstruction using low abdominal flaps