物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

http://sylvain-delzon.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Lindner-et-al-2010-FEM.pdf

Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems

The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction, 4th edn. By C. Chatfield. ISBN 0 412 31820 2. Chapman and Hall, London, 1989. 242 pp. £13.50.

The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction

Linear models

Evolutionary responses are required for tree populations to be able to track climate change. Results of 250 years of common garden experiments show that most forest trees have evolved local adaptation, as evidenced by the adaptive differentiation of populations in quantitative traits, reflecting environmental conditions of population origins. On the basis of the patterns of quantitative variation for 19 adaptation-related traits studied in 59 tree species (mostly temperate and boreal species from the Northern hemisphere), we found that genetic differentiation between populations and clinal variation along environmental gradients were very common (respectively, 90% and 78% of cases). Thus, responding to climate change will likely require that the quantitative traits of populations again match their environments. We examine what kind of information is needed for evaluating the potential to respond, and what information is already available. We review the genetic models related to selection responses, and what is known currently about the genetic basis of the traits. We address special problems to be found at the range margins, and highlight the need for more modeling to understand specific issues at southern and northern margins. We need new common garden experiments for less known species. For extensively studied species, new experiments are needed outside the current ranges. Improving genomic information will allow better prediction of responses. Competitive and other interactions within species and interactions between species deserve more consideration. Despite the long generation times, the strong background in quantitative genetics and growing genomic resources make forest trees useful species for climate change research. The greatest adaptive response is expected when populations are large, have high genetic variability, selection is strong, and there is ecological opportunity for establishment of better adapted genotypes.

/pdf/potential-for-evolutionary-responses-to-climate-change-2jb03f187c.pdf

Potential for evolutionary responses to climate change – evidence from tree populations

Competition indices and the prediction of radial growth in Scots pine.

This paper reviews regeneration research during the past 20 years. The focus is mainly on planting of Norway spruce and Scots pine. Research on root morphology and nursery practices has played an important role in the introduction of containerized seedlings in northern Europe. In recent years, mini-seedlings have been tested. Conventionally, seedlings are planted in spring and early autumn but recent research indicates that Norway spruce seedlings can be planted from spring until the end of September. Soil temperature strongly influences seedling establishment in the harsh northern Scandinavian climate and a good way to increase soil temperature is to plant in elevated planting spots, which can be achieved by mounding. Soil scarification also reduces competition from field vegetation and damage by pine weevils. In southern Finland, Sweden and Norway, pine weevils are by far the most serious causes of damage to both Norway spruce and Scots pine. Therefore, designing regeneration treatments for dec...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02827581.2010.498384

Reforestation with planting in northern Europe

Sima: a model for forest succession based on the carbon and nitrogen cycles with application to silvicultural management of the forest ecosystem

A simulation model for the succession of the boreal forest ecosystem.

http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/deVries.pdf

Taneli Kolström

Papers

Competition indices and the prediction of radial growth in Scots pine.

Reforestation with planting in northern Europe

Sima: a model for forest succession based on the carbon and nitrogen cycles with application to silvicultural management of the forest ecosystem

A simulation model for the succession of the boreal forest ecosystem.

The influence of the de Vries (∼ 200-year) solar cycle on climate variations: Results from the Central Asian Mountains and their global link