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Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment

A positive temperature coefficient is the term which has been used to indicate that an increase in solubility occurs as the temperature is raised, whereas a negative coefficient indicates a decrease in solubility with rise in temperature.

Effect of Temperature

The rapid rise of shale gas development through horizontal drilling and high volume hydraulic fracturing has expanded the extraction of hydrocarbon resources in the U.S. The rise of shale gas development has triggered an intense public debate regarding the potential environmental and human health effects from hydraulic fracturing. This paper provides a critical review of the potential risks that shale gas operations pose to water resources, with an emphasis on case studies mostly from the U.S. Four potential risks for water resources are identified: (1) the contamination of shallow aquifers with fugitive hydrocarbon gases (i.e., stray gas contamination), which can also potentially lead to the salinization of shallow groundwater through leaking natural gas wells and subsurface flow; (2) the contamination of surface water and shallow groundwater from spills, leaks, and/or the disposal of inadequately treated shale gas wastewater; (3) the accumulation of toxic and radioactive elements in soil or stream sediments near disposal or spill sites; and (4) the overextraction of water resources for high-volume hydraulic fracturing that could induce water shortages or conflicts with other water users, particularly in water-scarce areas. Analysis of published data (through January 2014) reveals evidence for stray gas contamination, surface water impacts in areas of intensive shale gas development, and the accumulation of radium isotopes in some disposal and spill sites. The direct contamination of shallow groundwater from hydraulic fracturing fluids and deep formation waters by hydraulic fracturing itself, however, remains controversial.

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A Critical Review of the Risks to Water Resources from Unconventional Shale Gas Development and Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States

Graphene-based materials are gaining heightened attention as novel materials for environmental applications The unique physicochemical properties of graphene, notably its exceptionally high surface area, electron mobility, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength, can lead to novel or improved technologies to address the pressing global environmental challenges This critical review assesses the recent developments in the use of graphene-based materials as sorbent or photocatalytic materials for environmental decontamination, as building blocks for next generation water treatment and desalination membranes, and as electrode materials for contaminant monitoring or removal The most promising areas of research are highlighted, with a discussion of the main challenges that we need to overcome in order to fully realize the exceptional properties of graphene in environmental applications

Environmental applications of graphene-based nanomaterials.

Adsorption of organic contaminants by graphene nanosheets: A review

Uptake of two synthetic organic contaminants (SOCs), trichloroethylene and trichlorobenzene, by one coal-based and one wood-based granular activated carbon (GAC), modified using liquid-phase oxidation (HNO3) and heat treatment in an inert atmosphere (N2), and by several different as-received GACs was compared. Carbons were characterized by elemental analysis, surface area and pore size distribution, water vapor adsorption, acid−base adsorption characteristics measured using the Boehm technique, and a mass titration/pH equilibration method to determine the pHpzc. The results of isotherm experiments with the surface-treated coal- and wood-based carbons indicated that carbon surface acidity played an important role on the adsorption of hydrophobic SOCs. It was found that increasing surface acidity increased the polarity of the surface and reduced adsorption of hydrophobic SOCs by GAC. However, no significant trend was evident for as-received carbons; their behavior differed significantly from surface-treated...

Tanju Karanfil

Papers

Adsorption of organic contaminants by graphene nanosheets: A review

Role of Granular Activated Carbon Surface Chemistry on the Adsorption of Organic Compounds. 1. Priority Pollutants

Adsorption of aromatic organic contaminants by graphene nanosheets: comparison with carbon nanotubes and activated carbon.

Adsorption of synthetic organic contaminants by carbon nanotubes: A critical review

Probing reactivity of dissolved organic matter for disinfection by-product formation using XAD-8 resin adsorption and ultrafiltration fractionation.