Hepatitis B is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. It has been estimated that there are 350 million chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers worldwide. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection varies geographically, from high (>8%), intermediate (2-7%) to low (<2%) prevalence. HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (e-CHB) and occult HBV infection are two special clinical entities, and the prevalence and clinical implications remain to be explored. The predominant routes of transmission vary according to the endemicity of the HBV infection. In areas with high HBV endemicity, perinatal transmission is the main route of transmission, whereas in areas with low HBV endemicity, sexual contact amongst high-risk adults is the predominant route. HBV has been classified into 7 genotypes, i.e. A to G, based on the divergence of entire genome sequence and HBV genotypes have distinct geographical distributions. Three main strategies have been approved to be effective in preventing HBV infection. They are behavior modification, passive immunoprophylaxis, and active immunization. The implement of mass HBV immunization program is recommended by the WHO since 1991, and has dramatically decreased the prevalence of HBV infection and HCC in many countries.

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Epidemiology and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection.

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hep.21051

Diagnosis, prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation during anticancer therapy†

Mycotoxin exposure in rural residents in northern Nigeria: a pilot study using multi-urinary biomarkers.

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hep.21629

Twenty-four-week clevudine therapy showed potent and sustained antiviral activity in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hep.20257

A phase II dose‐escalating trial of clevudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B

  Flu-like (eg, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting).   Jaundice (ie, yellowing of skin or whites of eyes, dark urine).   Loss of appetite.   Joint pains.   Tiredness.   Young children may show few or no signs or symptoms.   Most people recover fully, but some carry the virus in their blood for a lifetime. Age at the time of infection is a major factor in progression to chronic infection.

Tehlan A

Papers

Hepatitis B infection.