Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.

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Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.

Objectives: Lao Juan (LJ, 劳倦) is a syndrome described in Chinese medicine (CM) that manifests with : Lao Juan (LJ, 劳倦) is a syndrome described in Chinese medicine (CM) that manifests with fatigue, fever, spontaneous sweating, indigestion, work-induced pain, weakness of the limbs, and shortness of breath. fatigue, fever, spontaneous sweating, indigestion, work-induced pain, weakness of the limbs, and shortness of breath. The present study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of a Lao Juan Questionnaire (LJQ). The present study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of a Lao Juan Questionnaire (LJQ). Methods: A total of 151 outpatients and 73 normal subjects were asked to complete the LJQ. Seventy-three normal subjects A total of 151 outpatients and 73 normal subjects were asked to complete the LJQ. Seventy-three normal subjects were additionally asked to complete the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS). Twelve clinicians determined whether the were additionally asked to complete the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS). Twelve clinicians determined whether the 151 outpatients exhibited LJ or not. The internal consistency and construct validity for the LJQ were estimated using 151 outpatients exhibited LJ or not. The internal consistency and construct validity for the LJQ were estimated using data from the outpatient subjects. The CFS data were used to examine the concurrent validity of the LJQ. Total LJQ data from the outpatient subjects. The CFS data were used to examine the concurrent validity of the LJQ. Total LJQ scores and the clinicians' diagnoses of the outpatients were used to perform receiver operating characteristics (ROC) scores and the clinicians' diagnoses of the outpatients were used to perform receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses and to defi ne an optimum cut-off score for the LJQ. curve analyses and to defi ne an optimum cut-off score for the LJQ. Results: The 19-item LJQ had satisfactory internal : The 19-item LJQ had satisfactory internal consistency (α=0.828) and concurrent validity, with signifi cant correlations between the LJQ and the CFS subscales. consistency (α=0.828) and concurrent validity, with signifi cant correlations between the LJQ and the CFS subscales. In the test of construct validity using principal component analysis, a total of six factors were extracted, and the overall In the test of construct validity using principal component analysis, a total of six factors were extracted, and the overall variance explained by all factors was 59.5%. In ROC curve analyses, the sensitivity, specifi city, and area under the variance explained by all factors was 59.5%. In ROC curve analyses, the sensitivity, specifi city, and area under the curve were 76.0%, 59.2%, and 0.709, respectively. The optimum cut-off score was defi ned as six points. curve were 76.0%, 59.2%, and 0.709, respectively. The optimum cut-off score was defi ned as six points. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the LJQ is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating LJ. Our results suggest that the LJQ is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating LJ. KEYWORDS Chinese medicine, chronic fatigue syndrome, Chinese medicine-pattern Chinese medicine, chronic fatigue syndrome, Chinese medicine-pattern

Development and Validation of A

This review examines recent theoretical and empirical developments in the leadership literature, beginning with topics that are currently receiving attention in terms of research, theory, and practice. We begin by examining authentic leadership and its development, followed by work that takes a cognitive science approach. We then examine new-genre leadership theories, complexity leadership, and leadership that is shared, collective, or distributed. We examine the role of relationships through our review of leader member exchange and the emerging work on followership. Finally, we examine work that has been done on substitutes for leadership, servant leadership, spirituality and leadership, cross-cultural leadership, and e-leadership. This structure has the benefit of creating a future focus as well as providing an interesting way to examine the development of the field. Each section ends with an identification of issues to be addressed in the future, in addition to the overall integration of the literature we provide at the end of the article.

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Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions

https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/ifi/INF5181/h15/articles-teamwork/mathieu_etal_2008_team-effectiveness-1997_2007_a_review_of_advancements_and_a_glimpse_into_the_future.pdf

Team Effectiveness 1997-2007: A Review of Recent Advancements and a Glimpse Into the Future:

In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.

Human MotivationThe Mind in Action: A Study of Motives and Values. A. Campbell Garnett

Preface The Assessment of Individuals: The Critical Role and Fundamentals of Measurement Measurement in the Physical Sciences Measurement in the Social Sciences Historical Highlights of Measurement Statistics Background The First Step: Identifying the Construct Links Between Constructs Construct Cleanliness Single versus Multiple Constructs Summary and Next Step Problems and Exercises Designing and Writing Items Empirical, Theoretical and Rational Approaches to Item Empirical, Theoretical and Rational Approaches to Item Literature Search Subject Matter Experts How Many Items? Attitudinal Items: Early Work in Item Generation Assessing Behaviors Pilot Testing Summary and Next Step Problems and Exercises Designing and Scoring Responses Open-Ended Responses Closed-Ended Questions Example 1: Proportional Differences for a Single Variable Example 2: Proportional Differences for Two Variables Dichotomous Responses Multiple Choice Tests Continuous Responses Ipsative versus Normative Scales Difference and Change Scores Summary and Next Step Problems and Exercises Collecting Data: Sampling and Screening Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling Sample Sizes Missing Data Preparing to Analyze Your Data Summary and Next Step Problems and Exercises Classical Test Theory: Assumptions, Equations, Limitations and Item Analyses Classical Test Theory Theory of True and Error Scores: Description and Assumptions Ramifications and Limitations of Classical Test Theory Assumptions Item Analysis within CTT: Approaches, Statistical Analyses, and Interpretation Descriptive Statistics Summary Problems and Exercises Modern Test Theory: Assumptions, Equations, Limitations and Item Analyses Modern Test Theory Models One-Parameter Logistic Model Two-Parameter Logistic Model Three-Parameter Logistic Model Multiple-response IRT Models Parameter Estimation Scoring Respondents Model Fit Assumptions Ramifications of the Assumptions of Modern Test Theory Practical Advantages of Modern Test Theory Limitations of Modern Test Theory Computer Programs Practical Considerations Summary Next Steps Problems and Exercises Reliability of Test Scores and Test Items Test-retest Reliability Alternative Forms Reliability Measures of Internal Consistency Setting Confidence Intervals Reliability of a Composite Difference Scores - A Reliability Concern Practical Questions Summary and Next Steps Problems and Exercises Reliability of Raters Inter-Rater Reliability Indices Reliability Generalization Modern Test Theory Approaches to Reliability Summary and Next Steps Problems and Exercises Assessing Validity Using Content and Criterion Methods Asking the Test Takers Asking the Subject Matter Experts Assessments Using Correlation and Regression: Criterion-Related Studies Classification Approaches to Test Score Validation Group Differences and Test Bias Extending the Inferences of Criterion-Related Validity Studies Summary Problems and Exercises Assessing Validity Via Item Internal Structure Principal Components Analysis Common Factor Analysis Common Factor Analysis using Analysis of Covariance Structures Some Other Issues in Factor Analysis Practical Issues Concluding Comments on Internal Structure and Validity Threats to the Validity of Scores Multitrait-Multimethod Assessment Closing Comments on Test Score Validity Summary Problems and Exercises Ethics and Professional Issues in Testing Professional Standards and Guidelines Ethical Procedures and Protocols Test Administration Integrity Testing Computerized Testing Coaching, Testwiseness, and Re-takes Testing Legislation Test Item Bias and Adverse Impact Translation Issues Electronic Presentation and Capture Summary Problems and Exercises Brief Reviews of Some Selected Tests and Concluding Comments Information about Existing Tests Some Intelligence Tests Academic Achievement Tests Structured Personality Tests Career Interest/Guidance Instruments Chapter Summary A Quick Book Review Concluding Comments Problems and Exercises Appendices References Index

Psychological Testing : A Practical Approach to Design and Evaluation

Research in open office design has shown that it is negatively related to workers’ satisfaction with their physical environment and perceived productivity. A longitudinal study was conducted within...

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Traditional versus Open Office Design A Longitudinal Field Study

Virtual team leadership: The effects of leadership style and communication medium on team interaction styles and outcomes

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how examining the bivariate correlations between items in self-report measures can assist in differentiating between possible common method variance vs. model specification errors. Specifically, social desirability was viewed as either a possible source of common method variance or as a theoretically meaningful construct that should be included in the model of interest (i.e., a specification error). In the first instance, LISREL was used, and the level of correlation between measures of social desirability and measures of the five constructs of interest was manipulated. These results provided some insight as to when one needs to be concerned about the possible "common variance effects" on the structural model. In the second instance, the correlations between measures of social desirability and the measures of only two constructs of interest were again manipulated. These analyses illustrated the point at which the omission of social desirability as a theoretically relevant variable began to result in a poor fit of the structural model.

Common method variance and specification errors: a practical approach to detection.

Although there are well-recognized declines in visual functioning with age, their contribution to the problems of older persons on tasks in the natural environment, including driving, are largely unknown. Adults ranging in age from 22-92 years were surveyed in regard to their visual difficulties when driving and performing everyday tasks. The visual problems of drivers increased with age along five different visual dimensions: unexpected vehicles, vehicle speed, dim displays, windshield problems, and sign reading. Several of the age-related visual problems that were reported appear to be related to the types of automobile accidents more common among older drivers. The study also replicated the findings from an earlier investigation of non-driving tasks that showed visual declines with age on five dimensions: visual processing speed, light sensitivity, dynamic vision, near vision and visual search. These findings indicate promising areas of research regarding the effects of visual aging on tasks in the natural environment.

Theresa J. B. Kline

Papers

Psychological Testing : A Practical Approach to Design and Evaluation

Traditional versus Open Office Design A Longitudinal Field Study

Virtual team leadership: The effects of leadership style and communication medium on team interaction styles and outcomes

Common method variance and specification errors: a practical approach to detection.

Vision, aging, and driving: the problems of older drivers.