The structure and function of the skin details the individual components of the epidermis, dermis, and their roles in normal skin health. The individual cell types in the epidermis, the different epidermal layers, and the roles of the keratinocyte are explained. The epidermis and dermis, and their important relation to each other through the dermoepidermal junction are described. The dermal adnexal structures of hair follicles (pilosebaceous units), sweat glands, and nerves are all considered. The functions of skin and barrier function are also listed. Rare but important causes of disordered sweating (hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis) are described. In addition, presentations of hyperhidrosis are discussed.

Structure and function of the skin

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Tumors in Domestic Animals

Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.

Sporotrichosis, caused by Sporothrix schenckii and related species, is the most frequent implantation mycosis in Latin America. In Argentina, over the last 8 years, there have been 0.16 new cases per month of feline sporotrichosis in 2011, increasing to 0.75 cases per month in 2019 and involving zoonotic transmission to humans. Molecular identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected Sporothrix brasiliensis in these feline and zoonotic outbreaks. This study will focus on different feline and human sporotrichosis outbreaks caused by S. brasiliensis in Argentina during 2011–2019. We will address the sources of infection and environmental hotspots, as well as the application of several treatment strategies for improving the pharmacotherapy of the different clinical forms of the disease. Finally, we will provide a detailed summary of the clinical aspects and new advances in host–pathogen interactions, virulence factors and immune response, focusing on state-of-the-art diagnostic tools and potential vaccine candidates.

https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/3/170/pdf

Sporothrix Brasiliensis: A Review of an Emerging South American Fungal Pathogen, Its Related Disease, Presentation and Spread in Argentina.

BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology

Sporotrichosis is a chronic, granulomatous and usually lymphocutaneous infection of animals and humans, caused by a dimorphic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii complex. The disease in dogs is considered rare, however, in the last years a crescent registration of cases was observed in Brazil, especially in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Fifteen dogs with ulcerated cutaneous lesions were seen at the Dermatology Service in the Small Animal’s Hospital at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, between January 2014 and October 2015. Most lesions were located on the head, mainly the nose. Lesions were even seen on the chest, disseminated on the body and on the limbs. Three dogs (20%) exhibited the cutaneous-lymphatic form, with lesions initially on the distal aspect of one leg and ascending via lymphatics up the leg to the trunk and head. It was not ruled out the disseminated form in at least 3 dogs (20%). They had consistent signs of generalized or disseminated disease exhibiting respiratory symptoms (nasal discharge, sneezing, stertorous breathing), anorexia and weight loss. Draining tracts and cellulitis were very common. Some had large areas of skin necrosis with exposure of muscle and bone. Definitive diagnosis was obtained by cytological examination of exudates, histological examination, and/or isolation of S. schenckii complex by fungal culture. Because of the severity of the lesions that mimic other disorders like neoplasms or autoimmune skin diseases, and due to the difficulties of getting an accurate diagnosis, this study describes 15 advanced cases of canine sporotrichosis.

/pdf/canine-sporotrichosis-report-of-15-advanced-cases-2253yu88rp.pdf

Canine sporotrichosis: report of 15 advanced cases

. Araujo D.C.C., Antonioli T., Costa T.S., de Carvalho J.R.G., Laguna A.G.V., Ramadinha R.H.R. & Fernandes J.I. Occurrence and location of Transmissible Venereal Tumors in Dogs seen at the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Veterinary Hospital: Oncology Sector between 2010 and 2014. [Ocorrencia e localizacao do Tumor Venereo Transmissivel em caes atendidos entre 2010 e 2014 no Setor de Oncologia do Hospital Veterinario da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.] Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria, 38(3):277-280, 2016. Programa de Residencia em Medicina Veterinaria, Instituto de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail: dayanecaico@hotmail.com The Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) is a round cell neoplasm mostly affecting the genital of dogs. They can affect both sexes, and most animals are sexually active. Metastases, which occur in less than 5% of cases, occur through lymphatic or hematogenous. Diagnosis can be made by cytology and the most effective treatment is chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate. This study reports the occurrence of TVT from January 2010 to December 2014 in the UFRRJ Veterinary Hospital at the Oncology sector; clinical records were reviewed: 1,522 animals were seen and 123 (8.08%) presented TVT. Of 123 animals afflicted, 71.54% were adults, 23.57% were senior and 4.87% had less than a year. A higher frequency of females (74) was observed, when compared to males (49). A higher incidence in mutts (78.05%) was found, followed by poodles (7.32%), pinscher and Labrador (3.25%). Genital location was most common (79.04%), followed by a genito-cutaneous presentation (8.94%), nasal (5.69%), cutaneous (5.69%) and ocular (0.81%). It can be linked with large quantities of stray dogs and poor animal control policies in the region.

Occurrence and location of Transmissible Venereal Tumors in Dogs seen at the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Veterinary Hospital: Oncology Sector between 2010 and 2014.

. Peixoto P.V., Teixeira R.S., Mascarenhas M.B., Franca T.N., Azevedo S.C.S., Reinacher M., Costa T.S. & Ramadinha R.R. [Atypical forms and clinic-epidemiological aspects of canine transmissible venereal tumor in Brazil.] Formas atipicas e aspectos clinico-epidemiologicos do tumor venereo transmissivel canino no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria 38(Supl.2):101-107, 2016. Departamento Nutricao Animal e Pastagem, Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR-465 Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail: pfpeixoto19@gmail.com From 203 dogs of both sexes, affected by the Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) from May, 1995 to December, 2004, the genital form of TVT was observed in 117 (57.64%) of the dogs, and in 39 of those 203 animals (19.21%) showed genital and extra genital tumours. The exclusively extra genital form of TVT was considered very common in 47 (23.15%) animals. Extra genital forms were seen in the oral mucosa (18 cases), nasal cavity (13 cases) and anal (6 cases). This paper highlights seven cases of the eyeball, two in corneas, two on eyelids, one in third eyelid and one on bilateral conjunctiva and one in an anterior and posterior eye chamber. Some cases was considered very atypical, including those animals with tumors in the conjunctiva - bilaterally and symmetrically -, in an anterior and posterior eye chamber, involving the footpad of the front leg, and in the external ear canal. In addition, clinic-epidemiological aspects and the possible way of transmission of TVT will be discussed in this paper.

Formas atípicas e aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos do tumor venéreo transmissível canino no Brasil

Background: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is one of the most common canine neoplasms in Brazil. Lesions develop mainly in the genital tissue and less frequently in other areas, in the extragenital form. Metastasis is rare, and the disease progression depends on the patient's immune status. The treatment of choice is chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate, considered an effective and safe modality. The present work describes the first case of extragenital TVT in the larynx with pulmonary metastasis at the time of diagnosis.
Case: An approximately 4-month-old mixed-breed bitch was attended manifesting acute clinical respiratory signs. The patient had been rescued from the street 2 months beforehand. Physical examination revealed pale mucous membranes and crackling pulmonary auscultation. Thoracic radiography was performed in 3 projections, showing multiple nodules in the lung parenchyma, followed by cytopathological examination using fine needle puncture guided by thoracic ultrasound, confirming the diagnosis of TVT. Considering the cytological finding and the absence of primary tumor lesions in the genital, oral, cutaneous or nasal regions, endoscopy was performed in order to locate a possible primary focus. The exam revealed a small erythematous tumor with smooth and regular surface, measuring approximately 2.5 cm, located in the larynx, between the arytenoid cartilages. Chemotherapy was performed with vincristine sulfate with radiographic follow-up throughout the treatment. Full remission of the pulmonary and laryngeal nodules was achieved at the end of the protocol. The animal remained in complete remission for a period of 2 years.
Discussion: TVT is more frequently observed in animals of active reproductive age, and rarely in animals under 1 year of age, as in the case described here. When considering extragenital lesions, the manifestation can be single or multiple, occurring more frequently in the cutaneous, oral and nasal forms. This case describes a laryngeal lesion with pulmonary involvement, without lesion in the genitalia or any other site. Cases of TVT in young and prepubescent animals, associated with extragenital involvement and aggressive behavior, similar to this case, have been described in literature, but never in this location. Literature suggests there is a relationship with the immune status of such patients, which do not have a well-developed immune system, facilitating disease progression. In these animals, transmission can be maternal, since in some cases the patient develops the disease without having contact with other animals except the mother. This form of transmission would facilitate the extragenital form in the oral cavity, airways and ocular region, related to licking, lactation and direct contact. Vincristine sulfate chemotherapy, considered the treatment of choice, was effectively used in this case, despite the atypical form. The TVT prognosis tends to be favorable, with the exception of the aggressive presentations with the presence of distant metastases. However, in the case described here, even though metastatic pulmonary nodules were present, complete remission was achieved, with survival exceeding 2 years. The development of TVT in the larynx is a rare form of the disease, and this report is possibly the first description of this tumor location. Thus, we highlight the importance of a complete investigation of the patient and of TVT as a differential diagnosis in this location.
Keywords: dog, bitch, coitus, neoplasm, round cells, extragenital.
Título: Tumor venéreo transmissível canino em laringe com metástase pulmonar
Descritores: cão, cadela, coito, neoplasia, células redondas, extragenital.

Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor in the Larynx with Pulmonary Metastasis

Case summaryIt is described a case of a 10-month-old female mixed-breed cat with left ear discharge of approximately 6 days’ duration prior to the admission. Secretions were collected from both ear...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2055116919840810

Thiago Souza Costa

Papers

Canine sporotrichosis: report of 15 advanced cases

Occurrence and location of Transmissible Venereal Tumors in Dogs seen at the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Veterinary Hospital: Oncology Sector between 2010 and 2014.

Formas atípicas e aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos do tumor venéreo transmissível canino no Brasil

Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor in the Larynx with Pulmonary Metastasis

An unusual case of feline otitis externa due to sporotrichosis.