Thirty married couples were studied during naturalistic interactions to determine the extent to which variation in marital satisfaction could be accounted for by physiological and affective patterns between and within spouses. The authors hypothesized that (a) compared to nondistressed couples' interactions, distressed couples' interactions would show greater physiological interrelatedness or "linkage," more negative affect, and more reciprocity of negative affect and (b) these differences would be more pronounced when the interaction was high in conflict (discussing a marital problem) as opposed to low in conflict (discussing the events of the day). Heart rate, skin conductance, pulse transmission time, and somatic activity from both spouses were analyzed using bivariate time-series techniques to derive a measure of physiological linkage. Self-report affective data (obtained using a video-recall procedure) were analyzed using sequential analyses to derive a measure of affect reciprocity. The hypotheses were strongly supported; 60% of the variance in marital satisfaction was accounted for using measures of physiological linkage alone. Additional nonredundant variance was accounted for by the other physiological and affective measures. Social interaction provides a rich, naturalistic, and theoretically advantageous context for studying the relations among physiological, affective, and behavioral phenomena. Unfortunately, the demands associated with laboratory experimentation extract significant compromises that may escalate until the experimental context bears little relation to natural dyadic interaction. For example, interaction between two strangers may be substituted for interaction between intimates; a carefully "programmed" confederate may replace the second person; and finally, the confederate may be replaced by a film, a photograph, an audio recording, or a situation created in the subject's own imagery. In this experiment, naturalistic interaction within a husband-wife dyad was used as the context

https://www.johngottman.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Marital-interaction-physiological-linkage-and-affective-exchange.pdf

Marital interaction: physiological linkage and affective exchange.

Succession is problematic for a majority of family firms. This paper argues that resistance to succession exists across many levels in these organizations and proposes a model that highlights the multiple contributing factors.

Succession in Family Firms: The Problem of Resistance:

Meaning, form, and use in context : linguistic applications

Summary (1) The study of inter-individual relationships requires a descriptive basis. Description, however, must be guided with respect to the ultimate goals of the investigator-understanding the dynamics of relationships, prognosis, specification of necessary conditions, etc.(2) The nature of inter-individual relationships, how they can be described, and the nature of their stability, are discussed briefly.(3) The following aspects of relationships are discussed: (i) Content of the component interactions; (ii) Diversity of interactions; (iii) Reciprocity vs Complementarity: Control and Power; (iv) Qualities of component interactions; (v) Relative frequency and patterning of interactions; (vi) Multidimensional qualities; (vii) Cognitive and moral levels: Levels of perspective; (viii) Penetration.

/pdf/on-describing-relationships-4fybnbm8r2.pdf

On describing relationships

The present study addressed hypotheses about cyclical entrainment between interacting dyad members in their moment-to-moment levels of dominance and affiliation. Using a computer joystick technique, observers recorded the continuous stream of behavior for each partner in 50 mixed-sex dyads, and the data for each dyad were submitted to time-series analyses, including cross-spectral analysis. Although potentially interesting individual differences emerged, in most dyads, partners shared behavior cycles of roughly the same frequency with strongly correlated variations in amplitude (coherence). Consistent with interpersonal theory, partners' affiliation behaviors were very strongly in phase, whereas their dominance behaviors were equally strongly out of phase. In addition, these cyclical forms of interpersonal complementarity were distinguishable from other forms, such as mutual adjustment in overall levels.

https://uwaterloo.ca/psychology/sites/ca.psychology/files/uploads/files/Sadler_et_al_2009_JPSP_Are_We_On_the_Same_Wavelength.pdf

Are we on the same wavelength? Interpersonal complementarity as shared cyclical patterns during interactions.

The late Dr. Don D. Jackson and Mr. William Lederer have undertaken an ambitious project inThe Mirages of Marriage. They have attempted to present a work on the marital relationship and its vicissitudes that would be of interest and value to a wide audience. This would include marital therapists from various disciplines, marital counselors, and marital couples concerned with their problems in marriage. Their success in this undertaking is a credit to their knowledge of the problems of marriage and their skill as writers. Dr. Jackson had done extensive work in the fields of human communications and family relationships. Mr. Lederer, the co-author ofThe Ugly American, became interested in the problems of marriage as a result of his study of systems theory at Harvard University, where he is writer-inresidence. Their collaboration has resulted in a "successful marriage." The "Forward" by

The Mirages of Marriage.

The teaching of psychotherapy is at best laborious and inefficient. It is usually conducted by one-to-one supervisory sessions which perforce lag behind whatever transpires between the patient and the studenttherapist or resident. The successful supervisory process must avoid potential complications posed by this temporal lag, as well as subjective distortions, a double communication problem, and the possibly divergent goals and motives of no less than 3 different individuals: the patient, the resident, and the supervisor. Anything that can be learned regarding this ponderous and unique tutorial system may contribute to forging more effective teaching methods. Although occasional references have been made in the literature to the changing of psychotherapy supervisors, with but one exception 1 the suggested changes were not related to the condition of the patient. The 4 patients who will be presented in this paper were inpatients on the psychiatric services of the

Thomas C. Murphy

Papers

The Mirages of Marriage.

Change of supervisor and psychotherapeutic progress.