行銷硏究 : Marketing research

Models that depict innovation as a smooth, well-behaved linear process badly misspecify the nature and direction of the causal factors at work. Innovation is complex, uncertain, somewhat disorderly, and subject to changes of many sorts. Innovation is also difficult to measure and demands close coordination of adequate technical knowledge and excellent market judgment in order to satisfy economic, technological, and other types of constraints—all simultaneously. The process of innovation must be viewed as a series of changes in a complete system not only of hardware, but also of market environment, production facilities and knowledge, and the social contexts of the innovation organization.

An Overview of Innovation

http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/E/Ecological%20Economics/Vol32.Issue2.Feb2000/999.pdf

Redefining innovation — eco-innovation research and the contribution from ecological economics

Empirical analyses of the determinants of environmental innovations were rarely able to distinguish between different areas of environmental impacts. The paper tries to close this gap by employing a new and unique dataset based on the German Community Innovation Survey conducted in 2009. The main purpose of the paper is to test whether different types of eco-innovations (according to their environmental impacts) are driven by different factors. Besides a complex set of different supply, firm specific and demand factors, the literature on the determinants of environmental innovations accentuates the important role of regulation, cost savings and customer benefits. We find that current and expected government regulation is particularly important for pushing firms to reduce air (e.g. CO2, SO2 or NOx) as well as water or noise emissions, avoid hazardous substances and increase recyclability of products. Cost savings are an important motivation for reducing energy and material use, pointing to the role of energy and raw materials prices as well as taxation as drivers for eco-innovation. Customer requirements are another important source for eco-innovations, particularly with regard to products with improved environmental performance and process innovations that increase material efficiency, reduce energy consumption and waste and the use of dangerous substances. Firms confirm a high importance of expected future regulations for all environmental product innovations.

/pdf/determinants-of-eco-innovations-by-type-of-environmental-58w5bshg8y.pdf

Determinants of Eco-innovations by Type of Environmental Impact: The Role of Regulatory Push/Pull, Technology Push and Market Pull

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/44979/1/65649719X.pdf

Determinants of eco-innovations by type of environmental impact — The role of regulatory push/pull, technology push and market pull

While integrated product policy (IPP) receives increasing attention, it is still not well understood which factors and policy instruments influence the environmental performance of products. Thus this paper investigates the determinants of innovative behaviour in companies with regard to various areas of end-of-pipe and integrated environmental protection, including integrated product innovation. It pays particular attention to the influence of environmental policy instruments on product and process innovation. Its approach could be placed somewhere between environmental and industrial economics: in contrast to the up to now dominant approach of environmental economics, it integrates discoveries from the field of innovation research. The paper takes its data from the Mannheim Innovation Panel (1996), complemented by a subsequent telephone survey of environmental innovators. In a multivariate analysis, significant influence from strategic market goals on environment-related product innovation becomes evident. This differs from environment-related process innovation, which is mainly determined by regulation. With respect to individual environmental policy instruments, a significant influence of so-called ‘soft’ regulation (e.g. labels, eco-audits) on product-integrated environmental innovation can be discerned. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Determinants of environmental product and process innovation

While Integrated Product Policy (IPP) receives increasing attention, it is still not well understood which factors and policy instruments influence the environmental performance of products. Thus this paper investigates the determinants of innovative behaviour in companies with regard to various areas of end-of-pipe and integrated environmental protection, including integrated product innovation. It pays particular attention to the influence of environmental policy instruments on product and process innovation. Its approach could be placed somewhere between environmental and industrial economics: in contrast to the up to now dominant approach of environmental economics, it integrates discoveries from the field of innovation research. The paper takes its data from the Mannheim Innovation Panel (1996), complemented by a subsequent telephone survey of environmental innovators. In a multivariate analysis, significant influence from strategic market goals on environment-related product innovation becomes evident. This differs from environment-related process innovation which is mainly determined by regulation. With respect to individual environmental policy instruments, a significant influence of so-called “soft” regulation (e.g. labels, eco-audits) on product integrated environmental innovation can be discerned.

Determinants of Environmental Product and Process Innovation — Evidence from the Mannheim Innovation Panel and a Follow-Up Telephone Survey

https://www.rieb.kobe-u.ac.jp/academic/ra/dp/English/dp142.pdf

Assessing the lead market potential of countries for innovation projects

This article presents an exploratory framework to predict ratings of subjectively perceived urban stress in open public spaces by analysing properties of the built environment with GIS and Space Syntax. The authors report on the findings of an empirical study in which the environmental properties of a sample of open public spaces in the city of Darmstadt, Germany were constructed and paired to users’ ratings. The data are analysed using different types of multivariate analyses with the aim to predict the ratings of perceived urban stress with a high explained variance and significance. The study finds that open public space typologies (park, square, courtyard, streets) are the best predictors for perceived urban stress, followed by isovist characteristics, street network characteristics and building density. Specifically, the isovist visibility, vertices number and perimeter, previously related to arousal and complexity in indoor spaces, show significant relation to perceived urban stress in open public spaces, but with different direction of effects. A model is presented that achieves a predictive power of R2 = 54.6%. It extends existing models that focused on green spaces and streetscapes with a first exploratory attempt to predict more complex reactions such as perceived urban stress.

/pdf/a-tool-to-predict-perceived-urban-stress-in-open-public-2q0ykbmmou.pdf

A tool to predict perceived urban stress in open public spaces

Purpose – In environmental policy first mover advantages for environmental technologies are often taken for granted. It is a popular view to see the state as a political entrepreneur who introduces a certain environmental policy instrument and thus becomes the world market leader or the lead market for the respective technology. Against this background, the purpose of this paper is to find out if the idea of first mover and lead market advantages can be justified by theories and empirical evidence.Design/methodology/approach – A wide range of theoretical and empirical papers from the business management and industrial economics literature were reviewed to provide success factors for different timing‐to‐market and lead market strategies of environmental innovations.Findings – A successful innovator is not necessarily the first but very often one of the early movers within the competition of different innovation designs. The paper shows that the success of a timing strategy depends on country‐specific lead ...

Thomas Cleff

Papers

Determinants of environmental product and process innovation

Determinants of Environmental Product and Process Innovation — Evidence from the Mannheim Innovation Panel and a Follow-Up Telephone Survey

Assessing the lead market potential of countries for innovation projects

A tool to predict perceived urban stress in open public spaces

Are there any first‐mover advantages for pioneering firms?