Despite recent calls for counseling psychology to embrace social justice-oriented work, there has been little discussion about what such work actually looks like. The first part of this article derives a set of principles from feminist and multicultural counseling theories that counseling psychologists should consider as they engage in social justice work. These include (a) ongoing self-examination,(b) sharing power, (c) giving voice, (d) facilitating consciousness raising, (e) building on strengths, and(f) leaving clients the tools to work toward social change. The second part of the article describes a program designed to integrate social justice work into the core curriculum of the Boston College doctoral program. The authors discuss ways in which the above principles have shaped students; activities, and some of the ethical dilemmas that have emerged. Finally, the article under-scores professional obstacles that counseling psychologists doing social justice work are likely to face, and offers recommen...

Training Counseling Psychologists as Social Justice Agents Feminist and Multicultural Principles in Action

This article presents an extensive review of the research literature related to career counseling with Hispanics in the U.S. from 1970 to the present. Most of the research reviewed dealt with Mexican-Americans, and only a few studies included Puerto Ricans in their sample. The article is organized into four areas: occupational aspirations, vocational interests, on-the-job behavior; and educational attainment. It was found that Hispanic students tend to have high occupational and educational aspirations, Holland 's hexagonal model of career interests seem to apply to Hispanics, middle-class and college-educated Hispanics and Anglos are similar in terms of work values and career progression behaviors, and educational attainment among Hispanics varies according to their national origin, generational status, and social class. It was concluded that, in general, the career counseling research related to Hispanics is very limited in terms of content, and for the most part lacks a theoretical base. The findings o...

Career Counseling Research and Hispanics A Review of the Literature

Building Competencies for Effective Cross-Cultural Counseling: A Developmental View

As a point of transition, adolescence is heavily influenced by what comes before in addition to the effects of current experiences. It also undergirds the expected quality of the adult outcomes that follow. This transition occurs in particular contexts. When the effects of race and ethnicity are factored in, significant symbolic and structural variations become evident in both the quality of problems encountered and the objective outcomes experienced across settings (e.g., school and peer group). For African American and other ethnic minority group adolescents, the patterned nature evident for some (e.g., teen pregnancy, youth incarceration, male aggression, school failure) has influenced both the types of research questions pursued, the specific scientific studies conducted, the interpretations of empirical data made, and the policies initiated from research findings. The pursuits of young people and the developmental stages these pursuits represent are quite different from those expected of adults. Thus, it is critical to examine ethnic minority youth from a perspective that considers both their unique structural and symbolic experiences. Generally, the nature of these experiences has important implications for the critical identity processes that occur during the adolescent stage. However, given adolescents' unique developmental placement and dependency status, their experiences must be disentangled from those of adults. The issue of an interactive ethnic influence on identity and competence processes during adolescence is under-studied and frequently misunderstood. Relative to the social sciences, DeVos and Romanucci-Ross (1982, p. vii) note that many methods of classification within societies have been stressed. From kinship systems of simple preliterate, prein-

Ethnicity, Ethnic Identity, and Competence Formation: Adolescent Transition and Cultural Transformation.

Three types of subo r d i n a t i v e composite sentence i n the O.B.I., i . e . , 'cause and e f f e c t ' , ' c o n d i t i o n a l ' and 'simultaneous-successive', are i n v e s t i g a t e d . Since there are no formal connective markers, the l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between two clauses can only be determined on the b a s i s of semantic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , the tui-chen p a i r , the p r a c t i c e of a b b r e v i a t i o n and the l a r g e r context. A major type of 'cause and e f f e c t ' sentence i s the sentence of the p a t t e r n 'wu + V pu/fu ...' where the second clause represents some undesirable e f f e c t or s i t u a t i o n . A c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the general p o s i t i v e versus negative p a t t e r n of the O.B.I, and the p r a c t i c e of ab b r e v i a t i o n has l e d us to adopt the a n a l y s i s 'cause and e f f e c t ' f o r t h i s sentence type. We may i n t e r p r e t sentences i n which c h ' i appears as c o n d i t i o n a l . Nevertheless, r a t h e r than a pure subordinate marker, the word c h ' i i s i n t e r p r e t e d as a modal conveying the sense of u n c e r t a i n t y , a usage w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d i n the c l a s s i c s . A l s o , the theory that t r e a t s c h ' i as a marker of an embedded sentence has been r e f u t e d . The apodoses of ' c o n d i t i o n a l ' and 'simultaneous-successive' sentences may represent an intended r e s u l t or an undesirable consequence/situation. In most cases, these two types of apodoses can be e a s i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d . But i n the case of r a i n i n g , we have to r e l y on the i d i o m a t i c expressions 'y_u vii (wang yu) ' and 'kou yu (pu kou yii) ' i n drawing the d i s t i n c t i o n .

https://www.processwork.org/files/Finalprojects/Camastral-Itch.pdf

Thomas S. Gunnings

Papers

A Systemic Approach to Counseling Disadvantaged Youth

Black Athletes; Educational, Economic, and Political Considerations.

The Black Six-Hour Retarded Child.

A Bias Review Procedure for Career Counselors

Counseling and Urban Americans: A Search for New Forms