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American Society for Testing and Materials

The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

Introduction to linear and nonlinear programming

The flow of homogeneous fluids through porous media: analogies with other physical problems

Statistics: Methods and Applications.

HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES Highway Financing Anthony T.H. Chin Access Management of Highways K. Raguraman and Kumares C. Sinha Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway Development M.A. Aziz Highway Safety Ian Johnston Road Traffic Noise Stephen Samuels FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS Highway Geometric Design R.L. Cheu Highway Materials Weng On Tam Design of Flexible Pavements Michael S. Mamlouk Design of Rigid Pavements T.F. Fwa and Liu Wei Design of Segmental Pavements John W. Bull Overlay Design for Flexible Pavements Mang Tia Overlay Design for Rigid Pavements T.F. Fwa Highway Drainage Systems and Design Khaled Ksaibati and Laycee L. Kolkman CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGHWAYS Highway Construction K.N. Gunalan Project Management in Highway Construction Derek Walker and Arun Kumar Highway Maintenance Ian van Wijk Asset Management Sue McNeil and Pannapa Herabat Pavement Management Systems Waheed Uddin Highway Condition Surveys and Serviceability Evaluation Zahidul Hoque Structural Evaluation of Highway Pavements T.F. Fwa Pavement Skid Resistance Management Kieran Feighan Bridge Management Systems Yi Jiang Conversion Table for Metric and Imperial Units INDEX

The Handbook of Highway Engineering

Pavement maintenance planning and programming requires optimization analysis involving multiobjective considerations. Traditionally single-objective optimization techniques have been employed by pavement researchers and practitioners because of the complexity involved in multiobjective analysis. This paper develops a genetic-algorithm-based procedure for solving multiobjective network level pavement maintenance programming problems. The concepts of Pareto optimal solution set and rank-based fitness evaluation, and two methods of selecting an optimal solution, were adopted. It was found that the robust search characteristics and multiple-solution handling capability of genetic-algorithms were well suited for multiobjective optimization analysis. Formulation and development of the solution algorithm were described and demonstrated with a numerical example problem in which a hypothetical network level pavement maintenance programming analysis was performed for two- and three-objective optimization, respectively. A comparison between the two- and three-objective solutions was made to highlight some practical considerations in applying multiobjective optimization to pavement maintenance management.

Multiobjective Optimization for Pavement Maintenance Programming

This study develops a tangible analytical approach to analyze ship traffic demand and the spatial–temporal dynamics of ship traffic in port waters using big AIS data. By applying the developed approach to the Singapore port waters, we find that the origin-to-destination pairs and navigation routes in the Singapore port waters keep stable over time. Furthermore, there are several hotspot areas in the Singapore Strait where ship sailing speeds are relatively high and ship sailing speeds in a few water areas vary greatly. More interestingly, we find that these hotspot areas well coincide with the spatial distribution of ship accidents.

Big AIS data based spatial-temporal analyses of ship traffic in Singapore port waters

The present paper demonstrates the applicability of genetic algorithms, as an optimization tool capable of overcoming combinatorial explosion, to the road‐maintenance planning problem at the network level. Genetic algorithms are search algorithms based upon the principles of Darwinian evolution. The concept of the survival of the fittest is used in a structured, yet randomized, information exchange to form a robust search algorithm. Genetic algorithms efficiently exploit historical information to locate search points with improved performance. The theoretical basis and operations of genetic algorithms are presented. A computer model, PAVENET, formulated on the operating principles of genetic algorithms to serve as an analytical aid for pavement maintenance engineers, is introduced. The formulation of the PAVENET model is described in detail. Analyses are conducted to show the characteristics of important operating parameters of the PAVENET program. These parameters include: (1) Parent pool size; (2) mutat...

Road-maintenance planning using genetic algorithms. I: Formulation

This paper describes the development of a computer model (known as PAVENET-R) based on genetic algorithms, an optimization tool capable of overcoming combinatorial explosion, to solve the pavement maintenance-rehabilitation trade-off problem at the network level. The formulation of the PAVENET-R model is described in detail. An integer coding scheme is selected for parameter representation in the model. Two genetic-algorithm operators, namely the crossover operator and the mutation operator, are used. A “change table” encodes constraints to the genetic-algorithm operations to ensure that only valid offspring are generated from a parent pool. Four numerical examples of road networks of 30 pavement segments, each with different relative costs of rehabilitation and maintenance activities, are analyzed to demonstrate the trade-off relationship between pavement rehabilitation and maintenance activities. The detailed maintenance and rehabilitation schedules of the solutions, and the convergence characteristics of each solution are presented.

Tien Fang Fwa

Papers

The Handbook of Highway Engineering

Multiobjective Optimization for Pavement Maintenance Programming

Big AIS data based spatial-temporal analyses of ship traffic in Singapore port waters

Road-maintenance planning using genetic algorithms. I: Formulation

Genetic-algorithm programming of road maintenance and rehabilitation