■ Abstract The recent proliferation of scholarship on collective action frames and framing processes in relation to social movements indicates that framing processes have come to be regarded, alongside resource mobilization and political opportunity processes, as a central dynamic in understanding the character and course of social movements. This review examines the analytic utility of the framing literature for un- derstanding social movement dynamics. We first review how collective action frames have been conceptualized, including their characteristic and variable features. We then examine the literature related to framing dynamics and processes. Next we review the literature regarding various contextual factors that constrain and facilitate framing processes. We conclude with an elaboration of the consequences of framing processes for other movement processes and outcomes. We seek throughout to provide clarifi- cation of the linkages between framing concepts/processes and other conceptual and theoretical formulations relevant to social movements, such as schemas and ideology.

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Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment

Framing is a potentially useful paradigm for examining the strategic creation of public relations messages and audience responses. Based on a literature review across disciplines, this article identifies 7 distinct types of framing applicable to public relations. These involve the framing of situations, attributes, choices, actions, issues, responsibility, and news. Potential applications for public relations practice and research are discussed.

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Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations

Critics have argued that information and communication technologies (ICTs) disconnect people from their social networks and reduce public participation. Research in support of this perspective has been biased by two assumptions. The first is a tendency to privilege the Internet as a social system removed from the other ways people communicate. The second is a tendency to favor broadly supportive strong social ties. Survey and ethnographic observations from Netville, a 2-year community networking experiment, suggest that weak, not strong ties experience growth as a result of ICTs. By examining a unique and underexplored stage in the life cycle of a community networking project, the end of a networking trial, this article demonstrates how ICTs facilitate community participation and collective action (a) by creating large, dense networks of relatively weak social ties and (b) through the use of ICTs as an organizing tool.

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Grieving for a Lost Network: Collective Action in a Wired Suburb

A consistent news frame that deligitmizes and depicts most social protests as "police vs. protesters" has been identified in studies of news coverage of social movements. This study used an experimental design to examine the extent to which photographs and prior attitudes toward protests and protesters in general contribute to previously identified framing effects of protest news. Results indicated that for the protest issue of interest evaluations of the protest and protesters were more negative when photos depicting higher levels of conflict were shown. The amount of conflict shown in the photos did not affect evaluations of the protest and protesters when the issue was of less interest to participants. Additionally, participants who had more positive prior attitudes toward protesting in general were more likely to identify with the protesters in the stimulus story and to perceive that the protest was more effective than were those with more negative prior attitudes. Findings suggest the need to address...

News Coverage of Social Protests and the Effects of Photographs and Prior Attitudes

Although a great deal of research has identified ways in which mass media can delegitimize social protest groups, little effort has been given to examining the relative prevalence of each of these mechanisms (labeled marginalization devices in this study) in media coverage of protest movements. By employing an innovative typology, the author examined the prominence of these devices in noneditorial coverage of Iraq War protest in 3 major U.S. newspapers over a 1-year period. In addition to gauging the prevalence of each device, the study also determined which specific devices were associated with either a positive or negative overall story tone toward the protesters. Although coverage in general was not more likely to be either negative or positive toward war-protest groups, stories containing the most commonly implemented devices were more likely to be negative in overall tone. Practical and scholarly implications are discussed in scrutinizing the mass media's role in shaping interpretations of sociopolit...

Marginalization Devices in U.S. Press Coverage of Iraq War Protest: A Content Analysis

Resources are an integral and necessary component of social movement mobilization. Media exposure represents an important resource for movements having few assets. Therefore, many movements consciously seek media attention to enhance their chance of success. This article argues that media attention often impedes movement success. The positive or negative outcome of media attention largely depends on how media agents “frame” movement goals and actions. How the media frames movement protest is an unknown outcome for a movement. Decisions about framing depend on several factors, some of which lie outside the control of movement actors. I use NBC Evening News coverage of Native American protest from 1968 – 1979 in an attempt to understand these factors. This case study shows the dysfunctions of media attention.

Media framing of movement protest: The case of American Indian protest

Those familiar with Kant will also find the comparative introduction of Maximus through Kant to be informative, though a final conclusion concerning Kant (as he is Harper’s main interlocutor) might have been expected and is not present. General interest theologians, especially those looking to understand the complexity of the debate between personalist and non-personalist Orthodox theology, will find Harper’s explanation of the misunderstanding to be clear, fair and informative. Finally, the volume will be of interest to Maximus scholars not already familiar with approaching Maximus’s work through ethical themes. Harper’s chapter 4, in particular, provides excellent summaries of the relationship between love and virtue and helps to emphasise that the ethical dimension of Maximus’s thought is inseparable from the rest of Maximus’s theology, thus hopefully bringing ethics as a central concern in Maximian studies to the forefront of contemporary scholarship.

Book Review: The Immortal Commonwealth: Covenant, Community, and Political Resistance in Early Reformed Thought by David P. Henreckson

International Journal of Systematic TheologyEarly View Book Review John W. Tweeddale, John Owen and Hebrews: The Foundation of Biblical Interpretation. London: T&T Clark, 2019, 200pp. $40.00 Timothy Baylor, Corresponding Author Timothy Baylor trbaylor@gmail.com University of Wales Trinity Saint DavidSearch for more papers by this author Timothy Baylor, Corresponding Author Timothy Baylor trbaylor@gmail.com University of Wales Trinity Saint DavidSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 February 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijst.12643Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation 

Tim Baylor

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Media framing of movement protest: The case of American Indian protest

Book Review: The Immortal Commonwealth: Covenant, Community, and Political Resistance in Early Reformed Thought by David P. Henreckson

John W.Tweeddale, John Owen and Hebrews: The Foundation of Biblical Interpretation . London: T&T Clark, 2019, 200pp. $40.00