Todd E. Elder

TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed estimation methods that use the amount of selection on the observables in a model as a guide to the amount that should be selected on the unobservables in order to identify the effect of the endogenous variable.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors measure the effect of Catholic high school attendance on educational attainment and test scores, and find that Catholic high schools substantially increase the probability of graduating from high school and, more tentatively, attending college.

TL;DR: This paper examined the validity of these instrumental variables and found that none of the candidate instruments is a useful source of identification in currently available data sets, and investigated the role of exclusion restrictions versus nonlinearity as the source for identification in bivariate probit models.

TL;DR: For example, this article found that children who are relatively old when they enter kindergarten score higher on achievement tests and are less likely to repeat grades or suffer from learning disabilities than their younger classmates.

TL;DR: This article found that the positive relationship between kindergarten entrance age and school achievement primarily reflects skill accumulation prior to kindergarten, rather than a heightened ability to learn in school among older children, and that having older classmates boosts a child's test scores but increases the probability of grade repetition and diagnoses of learning disabilities such as ADHD.