This document provides updates to IEEE Std 802.16's MIB for the MAC, PHY and asso- ciated management procedures in order to accommodate recent extensions to the standard.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Draft Amendment: Management Information Base Extensions

In general, Micropower Impulse Radar (MIR) depends on Ultra-Wideband (UWB) transmission systems. UWB technology can supply innovative new systems and products that have an obvious value for radar and communications uses. Important applications include bridge-deck inspection systems, ground penetrating radar, mine detection, and precise distance resolution for such things as liquid level measurement. Most of these UWB inspection and measurement methods have some unique qualities, which need to be pursued. Therefore, in considering changes to Part 15 the FCC needs to take into account the unique features of UWB technology. MIR is applicable to two general types of UWB systems: radar systems and communications systems. Currently LLNL and its licensees are focusing on radar or radar type systems. LLNL is evaluating MIR for specialized communication systems. MIR is a relatively low power technology. Therefore, MIR systems seem to have a low potential for causing harmful interference to other users of the spectrum since the transmitted signal is spread over a wide bandwidth, which results in a relatively low spectral power density.

/pdf/response-to-fcc-98-208-notice-of-inquiry-in-the-matter-of-3attixctl7.pdf

Response to FCC 98-208 notice of inquiry in the matter of revision of part 15 of the commission's rules regarding ultra-wideband transmission systems

Wireless body area sensor network is a sub-field of wireless sensor network. Wireless body area sensor network has come into existence after the development of wireless sensor network reached some ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147718768994

The state-of-the-art wireless body area sensor networks: A survey:

This paper presents a planar monopole backed with a 2 × 1 array of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. The reflection phase of a single EBG unit cell has been studied and exploited toward efficient radiation of a planar monopole antenna, intended for wearable applications. The shape of the EBG unit cell and the gap between the ground and the EBG layer are adjusted so that the antenna operates at 2.45 GHz. The proposed antenna retains its impedance matching when placed directly upon a living human subject with an impedance bandwidth of 5%, while it exhibits a measured gain of 6.88 dBi. A novel equivalent array model is presented to qualitatively explain the reported radiation mechanism of the EBG-backed monopole. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a 68 × 38 × 1.57 mm
 3
 board of semiflexible RT/duroid 5880 substrate. Detailed analysis and measurements are presented for various cases when the antenna is subjected to structural deformation and human body loading, and in all cases, the EBG-backed monopole antenna retains its high performance. The reported efficient and robust radiation performance with very low specific absorption rate, compact size, and high gain make the proposed antenna a superior candidate for most wearable applications used for off-body communication.

https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/138746400/TAP2635588.pdf

Compact EBG-Backed Planar Monopole for BAN Wearable Applications

In this paper, we propose a beam-oriented digital predistortion (BO-DPD) technique for power amplifiers (PAs) in hybrid beamforming massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitters, which can achieve linearization of the transmitted signal in the main beam direction and address the DPD implementation issue in the hybrid beamforming array. In massive MIMO hybrid beamforming transmitters, the conventional DPD to linearize each PA is impractical to implement for that the number of digital chains is less than the number of PAs; however, the BO-DPD can resolve this issue by constructing and linearizing the “virtual” main beam signal rather than single PAs. According to the beamforming weights for array elements, the feedback path combines all PA’s outputs to estimate the main beam signal for DPD processing. In addition, an average estimation method is also presented to broaden the linearized angle range around the main beam direction. A $4 \times 16$ (four subarrays and 16 antennas in each subarray) uniform linear array (ULA) simulation along with a $1 \times 2$ ULA at 2.5 GHz and a $2 \times 2$ ULA at 3.5-GHz experimental tests was performed. The experimental results show that the proposed technique and linearization angle range broadening method achieve up to 15-dB adjacent channel power ratio improvement and 10° linearization angle range in the main beam direction.

Beam-Oriented Digital Predistortion for 5G Massive MIMO Hybrid Beamforming Transmitters

Ultra wideband (UWB) antenna operation close to tissue is examined by using lumped- element equivalent circuits in the present paper. The impact of tissue within the reactive near-fleld of the antenna is introduced in terms of e-ciency, impedance and matching to 50›. The parasitic components for the series- and parallel-resonant stages of the equivalent models are proposed for taking the impact of tissue into account on the antenna design. The flrst time the antenna impedance behaviour is presented in terms of capacitance, inductance and resistance as a function of the radiator distance on the tissue surface for UWB antennas. The capacitance was observed to increase with the distance on the tissue surface by achieving the maximum value close to the reactive near-fleld boundary. The inductance has the maximum on contact the tissue, decreasing strongly with the flrst millimetres and remaining constant with the higher distance. The maximum value of input resistance was seen to clearly increase with the distance, having the maximum value in the flrst third of the studied range, descending close to the value in free space at the boundary at the end. The results are achieved by realising electromagnetic simulations for the antennas and comparing the performance with the operation of the equivalent models.

/pdf/analysis-of-the-impedance-behaviour-for-broadband-dipoles-in-3x1v051x6f.pdf

Analysis of the Impedance Behaviour for Broadband Dipoles in Proximity of a Body Tissue: Approach by Using Antenna Equivalent Circuits

In this paper, a low-profile on-body antenna is presented for wireless body area network (WBAN) use in 2.45 GHz frequency band. A new design philosophy, where the shape of the antenna structure forms the outer dimensions of the device and enables embedded electronics inside the antenna, is applied in the design. The antenna structure is optimized for vertical polarization and omnidirectional radiation pattern for on-body communication. A single-component impedance matching circuit is used to obtain reasonable impedance bandwidth below the fundamental resonance frequency of the antenna. The optimized antenna structure is evaluated for on-body use by using a tissue model. It is observed that the presented approach yield to high antenna performance on-body even with the total height of 6.6 mm.

Low-profile antenna with optimal polarization for 2.45 GHz on-body sensor nodes

The objective of this paper is to verify applicability of Finite Integration Technique (FIT) based simulations in the modeling of Ultra Wideband (UWB) radio channel. A printed planar UWB monopole antenna, designed for Wireless Body Area Networks' (WBAN) on-body and off-body communications, is used in the experiments. The validation of the FIT-method is performed by comparing the simulation and measurement results in free space. The analysis was performed both in frequency and time domains. Furthermore, the channel behavior was explained with UWB antenna characteristics. The simulated and measured results are shown to have excellent correspondence both in frequency and time domain. All antenna simulations are done with Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS) software.

Applicability of Finite Integration Technique for the modelling of UWB channel characterization

Methods of performing RF system requirement analysis towards 5th generation massive multiple-input multiple-output system are described. For the system analysis, digital signal processing is abstracted to minimum SNR requirement definitions and RF system SNR is described based on realistic but highly simplified transmitter and receiver performance related to output and input power levels, respectively. In addition, a simple link adaptation model is created for dynamic simulation tasks. As the contribution of antenna array is seen to become necessity in cm- and mm-wave bands for 5G systems, we show ways to include antenna modelling in system analysis. By using these analysis methods, we have generated a link level simulator that can be used for system analysis using different abstractions of antennas. Finally, it is shown that even simple RF models need to have certain implementation related details in order to provide good accuracy in link budget and operation range analysis.

RF system requirement analysis and simulation methods towards 5G radios using massive MIMO

In this paper, the radiation properties of a planar Ultra Wideband (UWB) dipole antenna are investigated both in the proximity of two different dispersive body tissue models and in free space. Simulation software utilizing Finite Integration Technique (FIT) is used for the examinations such that the antenna is operated through the range of 0--140 mm above the surface of the body models. Investigations are carried out in terms of (1) the realized maximum gain and total antenna efficiency behavior, (2) the 3D radiation patterns at specific distances, and (3) the reflections and absorption of the E-field distributions in the different positions. Simulation results are compared with the theoretical foundations. These studies are aim to exemplify the antenna -- human body interactions in UWB Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications.

Tommi Tuovinen

Papers

Analysis of the Impedance Behaviour for Broadband Dipoles in Proximity of a Body Tissue: Approach by Using Antenna Equivalent Circuits

Low-profile antenna with optimal polarization for 2.45 GHz on-body sensor nodes

Applicability of Finite Integration Technique for the modelling of UWB channel characterization

RF system requirement analysis and simulation methods towards 5G radios using massive MIMO

Radiation properties of the planar UWB dipole antenna in the proximity of dispersive body models