Invited Review: The Role of Cow, Pathogen, and Treatment Regimen in the Therapeutic Success of Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis

Mastitis, an inflammatory reaction of the mammary gland that is usually caused by a microbial infection, is recognized as the most costly disease in dairy cattle. Decreased milk production accounts for approximately 70% of the total cost of mastitis. Mammary tissue damage reduces the number and activity of epithelial cells and consequently contributes to decreased milk production. Mammary tissue damage has been shown to be induced by either apoptosis or necrosis. These 2 distinct types of cell death can be distinguished by morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes in dying cells. Both bacterial factors and host immune reactions contribute to epithelial tissue damage. During infection of the mammary glands, the tissue damage can initially be caused by bacteria and their products. Certain bacteria produce toxins that destroy cell membranes and damage milk-producing tissue, whereas other bacteria are able to invade and multiply within the bovine mammary epithelial cells before causing cell death. In addition, mastitis is characterized by an influx of somatic cells, primarily polymorphonuclear neutrophils, into the mammary gland. With more immune cells migrating into the mammary gland and the breakdown of the blood-milk barrier, damage to the mammary epithelium worsens. It is well known that breakdown of the extracellular matrix can lead to death of the epithelial cells. Meanwhile, polymorphonuclear neutrophils can harm the mammary tissue by releasing reactive oxygen intermediates and proteolytic enzymes. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the use of antioxidants and other protective compounds in mastitis control programs is worth investigating, because they may aid in alleviating damage to secretory cells and thus reduce subsequent milk loss.

Mammary tissue damage during bovine mastitis: causes and control.

A method of making a replacement heart valve device whereby a fragment of biocompatible tissue material is treated and soaked in one or more alcohol solutions and a solution of glutaraldehyde. The dried biocompatible tissue material is folded and rehydrated in such a way that forms a two- or three-leaflet/cusp valve without affixing of separate cusps or leaflets or cutting slits into the biocompatible tissue material to form the cusps or leaflets. After the biocompatible tissue material is folded, it is affixed at one or more points on the outer surface to the inner cavity or a stent.

Percutaneously implantable replacement heart valve device and method of making same

The present invention is directed to a pattern-unbonded nonwoven fabric having continuous bonded areas defining a plurality of discrete unbonded areas, which is suitable for use as an improved loop fastening material for hook and loop fastening systems. The fibers or filaments within the discrete unbonded areas of the present invention are dimensionally stabilized by the continuous bonded areas that encircle or surround each unbonded area. The spaces between fibers or filaments within the unbonded areas remain sufficiently open or large to receive and engage hook elements of a complementary hook material. The hook material can be any of a wide variety of commercially available hook components which, as is known in the art, typically include a base material from which a plurality of hook elements project. The present invention further is directed to a process for making such a pattern-unbonded nonwoven fabric including the steps of providing a nonwoven fabric or web, providing opposedly positioned first and second calender rolls and defining a nip therebetween, with at least one of said rolls being heated and having a bonding pattern on its outermost surface comprising a continuous pattern of land areas defining a plurality of discrete openings, apertures or holes, and passing the nonwoven fabric or web within the nip formed by said rolls.

Pattern-unbonded nonwoven web and process for making the same

Innate immune response of bovine mammary gland to pathogenic bacteria responsible for mastitis.

of the Disclosure An oxygen absorbent packet comprising an oxygen absorbent packaged and sealed in a double packaging material 6 consisting of a gas-permeable outer material layer 1 composed of a plastic film or transparent paper, a gas-permeable sealing layer 2, an inner material layer 3 composed of gas-permeable paper or nonwoven cloth, and a gas-permeable sealing layer 4, and also containing an air layer 5 between layers 1 and 2 or between layers 2 and 3.

Oxygen absorbent packet

An oxygen absorbent package comprising a rectangular nonwoven fabric sheet, a rectangular perforated film or nonwoven fabric sheet having a lower softening point than sheet, a rectangular microporous film or nonwoven fabric sheet having a higher softening point than film or sheet, and an oxygen absorbent, the three layers being heat sealed on the four sides is disclosed. The oxygen absorbent package is mainly used for storage of foodstuff, particularly liquid or semiliquid foodstuff.

Oxygen absorbent packaging

An oxygen and carbon dioxide absorbent comprising (A) a particulate substance wherein the particles of a hydrous alkali substance are covered with separator particles, (B) iron powder and (C) an electrolyte and a process for storing coffee by using the same is disclosed

Oxygen and carbon dioxide absorbent and process for storing coffee by using the same

An oxygen scavenger container installed in a cap used for a liquid substance-containing vessel having an inner structure composed of an upper vacant compartment including a wall portion having at least one opening providing communication between the upper vacant compartment and the exterior of the scavenger container, a lower container compartment which contains the oxygen scavenger, and partition means provided to separate the upper compartment from the at least one opening and the lower container compartment, said partition means comprising single or plural sheets of gas permeable liquid-proof material to provide a double barrier between the oxygen scavenger and a liquid substance.

Oxygen scavenger container used for cap

A package containing therein an agent for retaining qualities of food products or the like. The material constituting the package comprises an outer layer (11) made of a substantially gas-impermeable material, a first seal layer (12) formed on the inner side of the outer layer (11), an inner layer (16) formed on the inner side of the first seal layer (12), the inner layer (16) allowing gas to pass through in the lateral direction thereof, and a gas-permeable second seal layer (18) formed on the inner side of the inner layer. The peripheral portion of the second seal layer (18) is adhered to each other to form a sealed package. The package has an exposed cross section (16') of the inner layer (16), so that the environmental air can pass into the package to contact the quality-retaining agent (20) through laterally the inner layer (16) and then through the second seal layer (18).

Toshio Komatsu

Papers

Oxygen absorbent packet

Oxygen absorbent packaging

Oxygen and carbon dioxide absorbent and process for storing coffee by using the same

Oxygen scavenger container used for cap

Package containing quality-retaining agent