Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd preventing chronic diseases a vital investment to read.

Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment

/pdf/update-on-avian-influenza-a-h5n1-virus-infection-in-humans-228lmnn96v.pdf

Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans.

https://www.oarsijournal.com/article/S1063-4584(11)00245-7/pdf

The effect of osteoarthritis definition on prevalence and incidence estimates: a systematic review

The members of the writing committee (Abdel-Nasser Abdel-Ghafar, M.D., Tawee Chotpitayasunondh, M.D., Zhancheng Gao, M.D., Ph.D., Frederick G. Hayden, M.D., Nguyen Duc Hien, M.D., Ph.D., Menno D. de Jong, M.D., Ph.D., Azim Naghdaliyev, M.D., J.S. Malik Peiris, M.D., Nahoko Shindo, M.D., Santoso Soeroso, M.D., and Timothy M. Uyeki, M.D.) assume responsibility for the overall content and integrity of the article. Address reprint requests to Dr. Hayden at the Global Influenza Program, Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response, World Health Organization, 20 Ave. Appia, Ch-1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland, or at haydenf@who.int.

/pdf/update-on-avian-influenza-a-h5n1-virus-infection-in-humans-2v7vh5koxg.pdf

Update on Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection in Humans Writing Committee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus

The Mediterranean diet has been linked to a number of health benefits, including reduced mortality risk and lower incidence of cardiovascular disease. Definitions of the Mediterranean diet vary across some settings, and scores are increasingly being employed to define Mediterranean diet adherence in epidemiological studies. Some components of the Mediterranean diet overlap with other healthy dietary patterns, whereas other aspects are unique to the Mediterranean diet. In this forum article, we asked clinicians and researchers with an interest in the effect of diet on health to describe what constitutes a Mediterranean diet in different geographical settings, and how we can study the health benefits of this dietary pattern.

/pdf/definitions-and-potential-health-benefits-of-the-5cx2f6esjr.pdf

Definitions and potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: views from experts around the world

Background: Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of premature death and disability. Even though tobacco use is common in many Asian countries, reliable and comparable data on the burden imposed by tobacco use in this region are sparse, and surveillance systems to track trends are in their infancy. Objective: To assess and compare the prevalence of tobacco use and its associated factors in nine selected rural sites in five Asian countries. Methods: Tobacco use among 9,208 men and 9,221 women aged 25-64 years in nine Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) sites in five Asian countries of the INDEPTH Network were examined in 2005 as part of a broader survey of the major chronic non-communicable disease risk factors. All sites used a standardised protocol based on the WHO STEPS approach to risk factor surveillance; expanded questions of local relevance, including chewing tobacco, were also included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess demographic factors associated with tobacco use. Results: Tobacco use, whether smoked or chewed, was common across all sites with some notable variations. More than 50% of men smoked daily; this applied to almost all age groups. Few women smoked daily in any of the sites. However, women were more likely to chew tobacco than men in all sites except Vadu in India. Tobacco use in men began in late adolescence in most of the sites and the number of cigarettes smoked daily ranged from three to 15. Use of both forms of tobacco, smoked and chewed, was associated with age, gender and education. Men were more likely to smoke compared to women, smoking increased with age in the four sites in Bangladesh but not in other sites and with low level of education in all the sites. Conclusion: The prevalence of tobacco use, regardless of the type of tobacco, was high among men in all of these rural populations with tobacco use started during adolescence in all HDSS sites. Innovative communication strategies for behaviour change targeting adolescents in schools and adult men and women at work or at home, may create a mass awareness about adverse health consequences of tobacco smoking or chewing tobacco. Such efforts, to be effective, however, need to be supported by strong legislation and leadership. Only four of the five countries involved in this multi-site study have ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and even where it has been ratified, implementation is uneven. Keywords: tobacco smoking; tobacco chewing; cigarette; risk factor surveillance; INDEPTH Network; WHO STEPS (Published: 28 September 2009) Citation: Global Health Action Supplement 1, 2009. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.1997

Self-reported use of tobacco products in nine rural INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems in Asia

Introduction: Live poultry exposure and risk behaviors are more prevalent in rural communities, increasing the risk of influenza A/H5N1 infection. We examined the economic and socio-cultural influences on poultry-related practices by comparing the poultry-related practices among Vietnamese and Thai rural residents by family income and consumption preference. Methods: Stratified cluster sampling was performed to select households. Within each household, one adult was randomly selected for a face-to-face interview in five Vietnamese and five Thai rural districts. Using a standardized questionnaire to assess domestic poultry husbandry, live poultry purchase, and demographics, logistic regression enabled comparisons of behaviors related to live poultry exposure and examination of associated factors. Results: Among 994 Vietnamese and 907 Thai rural residents, live poultry exposure (prevalence of raising poultry, improper handling of sick or dead poultry, touching live poultry before buying, and slaughtering poultry at home) was more prevalent among Vietnamese than Thai respondents. After adjusting for other demographics, respondents with higher family incomes were less likely to rear backyard poultry in both Vietnam and Thailand, and with more likely to buy live poultry in Vietnam, but not in Thailand. Consumption preference for live poultry was associated with being more likely to rear backyard poultry in Vietnam and Thailand, and with being more likely to buy live poultry in Thailand, but not in Vietnam. Conclusion: The findings suggest important roles of economic imperatives and cultural preference for live poultry for consumption in supporting poultry rearing and live poultry purchase among rural residents.

/pdf/comparison-of-behaviors-regarding-live-poultry-exposure-9me5ibnkje.pdf

Comparison of behaviors regarding live poultry exposure among rural residents in Vietnam and Thailand

Vietnam has been a major epicenter of A/H5N1 avian influenza. Despite population recognize of the risk of avian influenza from poultry, improper poultry han- dling practices remain prevalent in Vietnam. This qualitative study explored behaviors related to buying poultry and community adaptations to the risk of A/H5N1. Individual face-to-face interviews were conducted with 38 Vietnamese who were either poultry raiser, traders or consumers. Data were audio-taped, transcribed and translated from Vietnamese into English, and analyzed based on ethnographic principles. Three major themes emerged from the interviews reflected purchase strategies of buyers to avoid risk of A/H5N1: 1. Reliability of retailer, 2. Appearance and behavior of the poultry and 3. Co-occurrence of active A/H5N1 outbreaks. These purchase strategies could only provide assurance for people to continue poultry purchase rather than real protection against avian influenza. Strategies that required close contact between poultry and human could exposure people to even greater A/H5N1 risk.

Tran Huu Bich

Papers

Self-reported use of tobacco products in nine rural INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems in Asia

Comparison of behaviors regarding live poultry exposure among rural residents in Vietnam and Thailand

Poultry purchase in response to avian influenza in Vietnam: A qualitative exploration