Automated sleep stage classification using heart rate variability (HRV) may provide an ergonomic and low-cost alternative to gold standard polysomnography, creating possibilities for unobtrusive home-based sleep monitoring. Current methods however are limited in their ability to take into account long-term sleep architectural patterns. A long short-term memory (LSTM) network is proposed as a solution to model long-term cardiac sleep architecture information and validated on a comprehensive data set (292 participants, 584 nights, 541.214 annotated 30 s sleep segments) comprising a wide range of ages and pathological profiles, annotated according to the Rechtschaffen and Kales (R&K) annotation standard. It is shown that the model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches which were often limited to non-temporal or short-term recurrent classifiers. The model achieves a Cohen’s k of 0.61 ± 0.15 and accuracy of 77.00 ± 8.90% across the entire database. Further analysis revealed that the performance for individuals aged 50 years and older may decline. These results demonstrate the merit of deep temporal modelling using a diverse data set and advance the state-of-the-art for HRV-based sleep stage classification. Further research is warranted into individuals over the age of 50 as performance tends to worsen in this sub-population.

Sleep stage classification from heart-rate variability using long short-term memory neural networks

Designing wearable systems for sleep detection and staging is extremely challenging due to the numerous constraints associated with sensing, usability, accuracy, and regulatory requirements. Several researchers have explored the use of signals from a subset of sensors that are used in polysomnography (PSG), whereas others have demonstrated the feasibility of using alternative sensing modalities. In this paper, a systematic review of the different sensing modalities that have been used for wearable sleep staging is presented. Based on a review of 90 papers, 13 different sensing modalities are identified. Each sensing modality is explored to identify signals that can be obtained from it, the sleep stages that can be reliably identified, the classification accuracy of systems and methods using the sensing modality, as well as the usability constraints of the sensor in a wearable system. It concludes that the two most common sensing modalities in use are those based on electroencephalography (EEG) and photoplethysmography (PPG). EEG-based systems are the most accurate, with EEG being the only sensing modality capable of identifying all the stages of sleep. PPG-based systems are much simpler to use and better suited for wearable monitoring but are unable to identify all the sleep stages.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1562/pdf

A Systematic Review of Sensing Technologies for Wearable Sleep Staging.

ECG conveys information regarding the electrical function of the heart, by altering the shape of its constituent waves, namely the P, QRS, and T waves. ECG Feature Extraction plays a significant role in diagnosing most of the cardiac diseases. One cardiac cycle in an ECG signal consists of the P-QRS-T waves. This feature extraction scheme determines the amplitudes and interval in the ECG signal for subsequent analysis. The amplitude and interval of P-QRS-T segment determine the function of heart. Cardiac Arrhythmia shows a condition of abnormal electrical activity in the heart which is a threat to humans. The aim of this paper presents analyses cardiac disease in Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signals for Cardiac Arrhythmia using analysis of resulting ECG normal & abnormal wave forms. This paper presents a method to analyze electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, extract the features, for the classification of heart beats according to different arrhythmia. Cardiac arrhythmia which are found are Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Supra ventricular Tachycardia, Incomplete Bundle Branch Block, Bundle Branch Block, Ventricular Tachycardia, hence abnormalities of heart may cause sudden cardiac arrest or cause damage of heart. The early detection of arrhythmia is very important for the cardiac patients. Electrocardiogram (ECG) feature extraction system has been developed and evaluated based on the multi-resolution wavelet transform.

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A Review Paper on Analysis ofElectrocardiograph (ECG) Signal for theDetection of Arrhythmia Abnormalities

Machine Learning (ML) applications are making a considerable impact on healthcare. ML is a subtype of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology that aims to improve the speed and accuracy of physicians' work. Countries are currently dealing with an overburdened healthcare system with a shortage of skilled physicians, where AI provides a big hope. The healthcare data can be used gainfully to identify the optimal trial sample, collect more data points, assess ongoing data from trial participants, and eliminate data-based errors. ML-based techniques assist in detecting early indicators of an epidemic or pandemic. This algorithm examines satellite data, news and social media reports, and even video sources to determine whether the sickness will become out of control. Using ML for healthcare can open up a world of possibilities in this field. It frees up healthcare providers' time to focus on patient care rather than searching or entering information. This paper studies ML and its need in healthcare, and then it discusses the associated features and appropriate pillars of ML for healthcare structure. Finally, it identified and discussed the significant applications of ML for healthcare. The applications of this technology in healthcare operations can be tremendously advantageous to the organisation. ML-based tools are used to provide various treatment alternatives and individualised treatments and improve the overall efficiency of hospitals and healthcare systems while lowering the cost of care. Shortly, ML will impact both physicians and hospitals. It will be crucial in developing clinical decision support, illness detection, and personalised treatment approaches to provide the best potential outcomes. 

Significance of machine learning in healthcare: Features, pillars and applications

Recent developments of portable sensor devices, cloud computing, and machine learning algorithms have led to the emergence of big data analytics in healthcare. The condition of the human body, e.g. the ECG signal, can be monitored regularly by means of a portable sensor device. The use of the machine learning algorithm would then provide an overview of a patient’s current health on a regular basis compared to a medical doctor’s diagnosis that can only be made during a hospital visit. This work aimed to develop an accurate model for classifying sleep stages by features of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) extracted from Electrocardiogram (ECG). The sleep stages classification can be utilized to predict the sleep stages proportion. Where sleep stages proportion information can provide an insight of human sleep quality. The integration of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was utilized for selecting features and determining the number of hidden nodes. The results were compared to Support Vector Machine (SVM) and ELM methods which are lower than the integration of ELM with PSO. The results of accuracy tests for the combined ELM and PSO were 62.66%, 71.52%, 76.77%, and 82.1% respectively for 6, 4, 3, and 2 classes. To sum up, the classification accuracy can be improved by deploying PSO algorithm for feature selection.

/pdf/sleep-stage-classification-using-extreme-learning-machine-1jbrg3f70e.pdf

Sleep stage classification using extreme learning machine and particle swarm optimization for healthcare big data

The aim of this research was to build a classification model with an optimal accuracy to identify human sleep stages using Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features based on Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. The proposed method is the combination of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for feature selection and hidden node number determination. The combination of ELM and PSO produces mean of testing accuracy of 82.1 %, 76.77%, 71.52 %, and 62.66% for 2, 3, 4, and 6 number of classes respectively. This paper also provides comparison to ELM and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods whose testing accuracy is lower than the combination of ELM and PSO. Based on the results, can be concluded that the addition of PSO method is able to increase classification performance.

Sleep Stage Identification Using the Combination of ELM and PSO Based on ECG Signal and HRV

Sleep quality is one of the most important factors for human physical and mental health Sleep disorder may increase the risk of developing chronic physical and mental illnesses such as heart failure, coronary heart disease, depression, and bipolar disorder In addition, sleep disorder also decreases work productivity and increases the risk of traffic accidents The problem of sleep disorder is usually associated with the irregularity in sleep cycles People need to get the right proportion of every stages and sufficient number of cycles to obtain a quality sleep The aim of this study is to examine distinctive features related to sleep stages (wake, light sleep, deep sleep) from heart rate variability (HRV), and evaluate their usefulness to classify sleep stages We utilize support vector machine (SVM) to classify the sleep stages classification and compare the result with conventional methods We also utilize particle swarm optimization (PSO) for feature selection The simulation results show that our proposed sleep classification with SVM and PSO can improve the accuracy of sleep stage classification

Tri Fennia Lesmana

Papers

Sleep Stage Identification Using the Combination of ELM and PSO Based on ECG Signal and HRV

Sleep stage classification using extreme learning machine and particle swarm optimization for healthcare big data

Sleep stage classification using the combination of SVM and PSO