Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

Endometriosis

This review comprises the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of natural and synthetic estrogens and progestogens used in contraception and therapy, with special consideration of hormone replacement therapy. The paper describes the mechanisms of action, the relation between structure and hormonal activity, differences in hormonal pattern and potency, peculiarities in the properties of certain steroids, tissue-specific effects, and the metabolism of the available estrogens and progestogens. The influence of the route of administration on pharmacokinetics, hormonal activity and metabolism is presented, and the effects of oral and transdermal treatment with estrogens on tissues, clinical and serum parameters are compared. The effects of oral, transdermal (patch and gel), intranasal, sublingual, buccal, vaginal, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of estrogens, as well as of oral, vaginal, transdermal, intranasal, buccal, intramuscular and intrauterine application of progestogens are discussed. The various types of progestogens, their receptor interaction, hormonal pattern and the hormonal activity of certain metabolites are described in detail. The structural formulae, serum concentrations, binding affinities to steroid receptors and serum binding globulins, and the relative potencies of the available estrogens and progestins are presented. Differences in the tissue-specific effects of the various compounds and regimens and their potential implications with the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy are discussed.

https://www.hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric.pdf

Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration.

https://www.hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Parker%2009%20NHS%20Ovarian%20Conservation%20O&G.pdf

Ovarian Conservation at the Time of Hysterectomy and Long-Term Health Outcomes in the Nurses’ Health Study

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(10)60355-8.pdf

Primary ovarian insufficiency

Does dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation really affect IVF-ICSI outcome in women with poor ovarian reserve?

Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a condition characterized by severe, intractable nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. It affects about 0.3–2% of all pregnancies and is thought that HG is a multifactorial disease resulting from the combination of various unrelated conditions such as genetic, hormonal and psychiatric. Although there are studies investigating the relationship between anxiety, depression and HG; however, none have sufficiently clarified this link. The aim of this prospective case–control study was to investigate the possible relationship between depression and HG and compare the prevalence of depression disorders in pregnant women with and without HG.

/pdf/depression-levels-in-patients-with-hyperemesis-gravidarum-a-28xz8svy3b.pdf

Depression levels in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum: a prospective case–control study

Background: This study assessed the relationship between endometrial thickness on day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration and in vitro fertilizationintracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF-ICSI). Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included a total of 593 women. Patients were treated with either the agonist or antagonist protocol according to the clinician’s and patient’s preference. Endometrial thickness on the hCG day was measured by transvaginal ultrasonography (TV-USG). Patients were divided into four groups according to endometrial lines, as follows: 14 mm (group 4). Results: Implantation rate (IR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), and ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) were significantly lower in group 1 than the other three groups (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference among groups 2, 3 and 4. Although the endometrial line in the agonist protocol was higher than in the antagonist protocol, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The chance of pregnancy appears to be lower in individuals with endometrial thickness less than 7 mm compared with those of higher value.

/pdf/relationship-between-endometrial-thickness-and-in-vitro-2jph5w4t0v.pdf

Relationship between Endometrial Thickness and In Vitro Fertilization-Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcome.

Aim

To investigate the possible effect of maternal obesity on the accuracy of sonographically estimated fetal weight in the third-trimester shortly before induction of labor and to compare the accuracy of the estimation between normal weight, overweight, and class I, class II and class III obese groups.



Methods

This was a prospective study of singleton pregnancies with sonographic fetal weight estimation prior to scheduled delivery. Women were classified according to current body mass index (BMI) into five categories: normal (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, n = 41), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, n = 44), obese class I (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2, n = 40), obese class II (BMI, 35.0–39.9 kg/m2, n = 38) and obese class III (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2, n = 35). The estimated fetal weight was compared with the actual birthweight, and the difference between them was recorded as the error.



Results

Mean absolute error of sonographic fetal weight estimation was 106.97 ± 80.83 g, 198.88 ± 124.32 g, 248.82 ± 122.75 g, 308.31 ± 138.97 g and 446.00 ± 151.46 g in the normal, overweight, obese class I, obese class II, and obese class III groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The corresponding mean absolute percentage errors were 3.51 ± 2.76, 6.37 ± 3.91, 7.93 ± 4.81, 9.87 ± 4.32 and 14.06 ± 5.83 (P < 0.001).



Conclusions

Maternal obesity decreases the accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation. Clinicians should be aware of the limitations of sonographic fetal weight estimation, especially in obese patients.

Influence of maternal body mass index on sonographic fetal weight estimation prior to scheduled delivery.

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is characterised by absence of sperm in the ejaculate Significant relationship between the pattern of the testis histopathology of NOA and successful sperm retrieval rate is well known In this study, we assess efficacy of testicular histopathology on sperm retrieval rates and intracytoplasmic sperm injection results after microdissection testicular sperm extraction in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia It is a retrospective analysis of 111 NOA patients who have histopathological confirmation According to histopathological findings, the patients were divided into three groups: Sertoli-cell-only syndrome (SCOS), maturation arrest (MA) and hypospermatogenesis Sperm retrieval rate was significantly higher in hypospermatogenesis group compared with that in SCOS and MA groups In terms of fertilisation and clinical pregnancy rates, there was no significant difference between the groups As a result, compared with MA and SCOS, hypospermatogenesis has higher sperm retrieval rates Our study revealed that once successful sperm retrieval is achieved, fertilisation and clinical pregnancy rates are similar in NOA patients

Turgut Aydin

Papers

Does dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation really affect IVF-ICSI outcome in women with poor ovarian reserve?

Depression levels in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum: a prospective case–control study

Relationship between Endometrial Thickness and In Vitro Fertilization-Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcome.

Influence of maternal body mass index on sonographic fetal weight estimation prior to scheduled delivery.

Effects of testicular histopathology on sperm retrieval rates and ICSI results in non-obstructive azoospermia.