Oily yeasts have been described to be able to accumulate lipids up to 20% of their cellular dry weight. These yeasts represent a minor proportion of the total yeast population, and only 5% of them have been reported as able to accumulate more than 25% of lipids. The oily yeast genera include Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Lipomyces. More specifically, examples of oleaginous yeasts include the species: Lipomyces starkeyi, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Yarrowia lipolytica. Yeast do exhibit advantages for lipid production over other microbial sources, namely, their duplication times are usually lower than 1 h, are much less affected than plants by season or climate conditions, and their cultures are more easily scaled up than those of microalgae. Additionally, some oily yeasts have been reported to accumulate oil up to 80% of their dry weight and can indeed generate different lipids from different carbon sources or from lipids present in the culture media. Thus, they can vary their lipid composition by replacing the fatty acids present in their triglycerides. Due to the diversity of microorganisms and growth conditions, oily yeasts can be useful for the production of triglycerides, surfactants, or polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Oily yeasts as oleaginous cell factories.

Metallocenes are very versatile catalysts for the production of polyolefins, polystyrene and copolymers. Some polymers such as syndiotactic polypropene, syndiotactic polystyrene, cycloolefin copolymers, optically active oligomers, and polymethylenecycloalkenes can be produced only by metallocene catalysts. It is possible to tailor the microstructure of polymers by changing the ligand structure of the metallocene. The effect and influence of the ligands can more and more be predicted and understood by molecular modeling and other calculations.

Metallocenes for Polymer Catalysis

New materials are prerequisite for major breakthrough applications influencing our daily life, and therefore are pivotal for the chemical industry. Nanoporous materials constitute an important class of heterogeneous catalysts as they not only offer higher surface areas and enhanced activity, but also provide shape/size selectivity. As a well-established family of nanoporous materials, zeolites are of paramount importance for the chemical industry as heterogeneous catalysts with shape/size-selective character in various reactions. Zeolites can also play an active role in the quest for raw material change as catalysts providing the required selectivity towards base chemicals. In this contribution, an overview of the current and potential applications of zeolites as catalysts in chemical industry is presented.

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U. Menyes

Papers

Eur. Pat. Appl.