STOLL1 estimated that more than a fifth of the world's population carries hookworm infection involving Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus or both. In view of their widespread distribution in both tropical and subtropical regions and severe pathogenicity, the importance of developing a laboratory-adapted human hookworm strain for experimental investigation in controlled conditions has long been recognized. The information in the literature suggests that dogs and cats may be experimentally infected with N. americanus in controlled conditions2, but these large animals are unsuitable for various, laboratory investigations. Partial development of this parasite in guinea-pigs and hamsters has been reported by Schwartz and Alicata3 and Nagahana et al.4. According to them, after oral or percutaneous infections the infective larvae of N. americanus developed to fourth stage larvae in the small intestines but failed to grow to maturity. They had all been expelled by 3–4 weeks after infection.

Complete Development of the Human Hookworm, Necator americanus, in Golden Hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus

A series of novel 2-cyanoacrylates containing an isoxazole moiety were designed and synthesized. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR and elemental analysis (or high-resolution mass spectrometry). Their herbicidal activities against four species were evaluated, and the results indicated that some of the title compounds showed excellent herbicidal activities against rape and amaranth pigweed in postemergence treatment even at a dose of 75 g/ha.

Design, synthesis, and herbicidal activities of novel 2-cyanoacrylates containing isoxazole moieties.

Migration and growth of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus.

Necator americanus: behaviour in hamsters.

Infection with gastrointestinal nematode have severe consequences for the health of millions of people worldwide, and cause serious economic losses in live stock farming. Synthetic drug have been considered the most effective way of controlling parasite infections. But these drugs are expensive and sometime unavailable to people and show the side effect hence anthelmintic offer a simple, cheap, cost effective method of controlling parasites with no side effect. The purpose of this experiment was to study the anthelmintic activity of Carica papaya extract against Ancylostoma caninum in infection in mice. Two experiments were setup for this study, in experiment no. 1, two groups (A and B) and experiment no. 2, three groups (A, B and C) of mice were taken for larval recovery and mast cell & eosinophil counts respectively. Group A mice were treated with plant extract (Carica papaya) 0.2 ml/ mouse, on day -14 and -7 day before challenge infection and on day 0 mice were challenge with 500 A. caninum larvae. Group B mice were challenge only with dose of 500 Ancylostoma caninum larvae. Group C served as a non treated control. Results of plant extract treated mice clearly demonstrated a reduction of larvae in group (A) when compared with group (B) of mice. Large number of mucosal mast cell observed on day 16 in all groups. Eosinophil levels were markedly reduced in 24 days after challenge infection in all groups. The results suggest a potential role of Carica papaya extract as an anthelmintic activity against intestinal nematodes infection.

http://www.isca.in/IJBS/Archive/v1/i1/1.ISCA-JBS-2012-005.pdf

Anthelmintic effect of Natural Plant (Carica papaya) extract against the Gastrointestinal nematode, Ancylostoma caninum in Mice

The administration of cortisone in daily doses of 75 mg. per kg. subcutaneously to albino mice increased susceptibility to A. caninum infection, perhaps by suppression of immunity.

Pre-infection treatment with cortisone did not influence susceptibility to infection more than treatment started on the day of infection.

The average percentage of larvae recovered from the cortisone-treated mice was significantly greater than that of untreated control mice after 5 days of infection.

Of all organs examined, the maximum numbers of larvae were obtained from lungs of both the test and control groups of mice for a noticeable period, the former group showing considerably higher recovery than the latter from the 3rd day till 10 days after infection.

The mice, after cortisone treatment, did not provide a satisfactory medium to A. caninum larvae for further development even at 14 days after infection, indicating a poor host-parasite adaptation.

U. N. Joshi

Papers

Effect of cortisone upon Ancylostoma caninum infection in albino mice

3-Aryl-5-halomethylisoxazoles. A new class of anthelmintics.