The effects of three aphid species (fourth instars only), Aphis gossypii Glover; Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), on immature development, survival and predation of the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), were determined in the laboratory. Survival rates of C. carnea from first stadium to adult emergence were significantly different among larvae fed different aphid species. When larvae were fed A. gossypii and M. persicae, 94.4±3.3% (mean±SE) and 87.6±5.1% of individuals developed to adults, respectively; whereas only 14.9±3.4% of individuals developed to adults when fed L. erysimi. The developmental durations of C. carnea larvae were also significantly different among larvae fed the three aphid species. The developmental duration from first stadium to adult emergence was shortest when larvae were fed A. gossypii (19.8±0.4 d), followed by M. persicae (22.8±0.2 d), and then L. erysimi (25.5±0.4 d). The total number of fourth stadium aphids consumed by C. carnea larvae differed significantly among individuals fed different aphid species. Chrysoperla carnea consumed more A. gossypii (292.4) and M. persicae (272.6) than L. erysimi (146.4). Although total numbers of aphids consumed by the three C. carnea larval stadia differed significantly, the proportions of aphids consumed by each larval stadium to the total number of aphids consumed were similar, 3.9–7.1% by the first stadium, 12.0–16.8% by the second stadium, and 78.1–83.9% by the third stadium.

Effects of three aphid species (Homoptera: Aphididae) on development, survival and predation of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

This study investigated the prey preference of 3rd instar green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), between western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and lettuce aphids, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in laboratory experiments at 25 ± 1° C and 70 ± 5% RH with five prey ratios (10 aphids:80 thrips, 25 aphids:65 thrips, 45 aphids:45 thrips, 65 aphids:25 thrips, and 80 aphids:10 thrips). Third instar C. carnea larvae readily preyed upon both thrips and aphids, with thrips mortality varying between 40 and 90%, and aphid mortality between 52 and 98%. Chrysoperla carnea had a significant preference for N. ribisnigri at two ratios (10 aphids:80 thrips, 65 aphids:25 thrips), but no preference for either prey at the other ratios. There was no significant linear relationship between preference index and prey ratio, but a significant intercept of the linear regression indicated an overall preference of C. carnea for aphids with a value of 0.651 ± 0.054. The possible implications of these findings for control of N. ribisnigri and F. occidentalis by C. carnea are discussed.

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Insect-Science/volume-13/issue-94/031.013.9401/The-Green-Lacewing-Chrysoperla-carnea--Preference-between-Lettuce-Aphids/10.1673/031.013.9401.pdf

The Green Lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea: Preference between Lettuce Aphids, Nasonovia ribisnigri, and Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

The role of Chrysopa carnea (Steph.) as a predator of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on sugar beet Beta vulgaris was demonstrated in six greenhouse experiments using different predator/prey ratios. Each experiment continued for 4 to 5 months. Releases of early second stage Chrysopa larvae at the predator/prey ratios of 1:5, 1:10, 1:20 and 1:40 successfully controlled M. persicae. Each Chrysopa release at these ratios completely eliminated the pest. Adequate control was provided for 5 to 6 weeks when the ratios of 1:5 and 1:10 were used, and 3 to 4 weeks when the ratios of 1:20 and 1:40 were used. At the predator/prey ratios of 1:50 and 1:60, Chrysopa releases did not eliminate the green peach aphids but notably reduced its numbers. While the Chrysopa treated plants reached normal size, the untreated control plants died during the first 2 months of the experiments.



The side effects of 14 pesticides on Chrysopa was tested in the laboratory by exposing 2nd stage larvae on fresh dry pesticide films applied on glass plates at dosages similar to those used in practice. Six of these pesticides were further tested in the field by directly spraying of sugar beet plots on which Chrysopa larvae were released. The herbicides Pyramin, Betanal and Illoxan were harmless, Aretit flussig was harmful. The insecticides Pirimor-Granulat, Nexion-stark, Hostaquick, Dipterex WP 80 were harmless to slightly harmful but Dimilin 25 WP, Sumicidin 30, Rogor, Tamaron, Dursban flussig and Ultracid WP 40 were harmful to the Chrysopa larvae.



Zusammenfassung

Die Wirkung des Blattlausraubers Chrysopa carnea in Zuckerrubenkulturen und die Einwirkung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf diesen Nutzling



Die Nutzleistung von Chrysopa carnea (Steph.) bei der Bekampfung der Grunen Pfirsichblattlaus Myzus persicae (Sulzer) an Zuckerruben wurde in 6 Gewachshausversuchen mit verschiedenen Rauber/Beute-Verhaltnissen demonstriert. Jeder Versuch dauerte 4 bis 5 Monate. Mit Freilassungen von Chrysopa-Larven im fruhen Zweitstadium in den Rauber/Beute-Verhaltnissen von 1:5, 1:10, 1:20 und 1:40 konnte M. persicae an Zuckerrubenpflanzen erfolgreich bekampft werden. Jede Freilassung in diesen Verhaltnissen fuhrte zur totalen Ausschaltung der Blattlause. Mit den Rauber/Beute-Verhaltnissen von 1:5 und 1:10 konnte eine ausreichende Bekampfung fur die Dauer von 5 bis 6 Wochen erzielt werden, mit den Verhaltnissen von 1:20 und 1:40 fur die Dauer von 3 bis 4 Wochen. In den Versuchen mit den Verhaltnissen von 1:50 und 1:60 konnte Chrysopa die Blattlause zwar nicht vollig ausschalten, jedoch wesentlich reduzieren. Wahrend die Zuckerrubenpflanzen in den Chrysopa-Behandlungsparzellen ihre normale Grose erreichten, erfolgte in den nicht behandelten Parzellen die totale Zerstorung der Pflanzen im Verlauf der beiden ersten Monate des Versuches.



Die Nebenwirkungen von 14 Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Chrysopa wurden im Labortest untersucht, wobei Larven des Nutzlings im fruhen Zweitstadium frisch applizierten, trockenen Belagen der Praparate in normalen Anwendungskonzentrationen auf Glasplatten ausgesetzt waren. Sechs dieser Praparate wurden in Feldversuchen weiteren Prufungen unterzogen. Dabei erfolgten die Aussetzung von Chrysopa-Larven auf Zuckerrubenpflanzen in Feldparzellen und die Spritzung der Pflanzen mit Praparaten in empfohlenen Anwendungskonzentrationen. Die Herbizide Pyramin, Betanal und Illoxan erwiesen sich gegenuber Chrysopa als unschadlich im Gegensatz zum stark schadigenden Aretit flussig. Von den gepruften Insektiziden waren Pirimor-Granulat, Nexion-stark, Hostaquick und Dipterex WP 80 unschadlich bis schwach schadigend, Dimilin 25 WP, Sumicidin 30, Rogor, Tamaron, Dursban flussig und Ultracid WP 40 stark schadigend.

Role of Chrysopa carnea as an aphid predator on sugar beet and the effect of pesticides

Avaliou-se a eficiencia de larvas de primeiro instar de Chrysoperla externa no controle Myzus persicae em pimentao, em experimentos realizados em câmara e sala climatizadas a 25 ± 1oC, UR de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Larvas de C. externa recem-eclodidas foram liberadas em discos foliares, contendo 5; 10 ou 20 ninfas do afideo, acondicionados em placas de Petri. Em um segundo experimento, larvas do predador foram liberadas nas proporcoes 1:5, 1:10 e 1:20, em plantas inoculadas com 60; 100 e 140 ninfas do pulgao. O potencial predatorio de C. externa nos discos foliares foi influenciado pela densidade inicial do pulgao. A eficiencia do predador nas densidades de 5; 10 e 20 pulgoes foi de 100%; 96,7% e 79,3%, respectivamente. A eficiencia das larvas em eliminar as populacoes do pulgao nas plantas de pimentao variou em funcao do tempo. Na proporcao 1:5, a eliminacao das ninfas ocorreu entre um e dois dias apos a liberacao do predador, enquanto nas proporcoes 1:10 e 1:20 o periodo de quatro dias nao foi suficiente para que os pulgoes fossem eliminados. As larvas de C. externa quando liberadas nas tres proporcoes promoveram reducoes na populacao de M. persicae, se comparada a testemunha. No entanto, nas proporcoes 1:5 e 1:10 o predador se mostrou mais eficiente.

/pdf/eficiencia-de-chrysoperla-externa-hagen-1861-neuroptera-25nxh39nr2.pdf

Eficiência de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) no controle de Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em pimentão (Capsicum annum L.)

In 3 small glasshouses (A, B and C), each with about 20 paprika plants, 1 viviparous female of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hom., Aphididae) were introduced on each plant at the start of the experiments in June. In house A, no parasites were released, and the aphid population increased exponentially (y = 0.807 · e0.25x) and destroyed the plants within 1 1/2 month.



In house B, newly emerged Ephedrus cerasicola Starý (Hym., Aphidiidae) were introduced 3 times, each time 1 ♀ and 1 ♂ per plant, with a parasite/host ratio at each introduction 1/1, 1/10 and 1/50, respectively (only introduced female parasites accounted). The parasites controlled the aphid population throughout the season.



In house C, E. cerasicola was introduced once, as mummies on a caged “banker” plant, with 83 mummies of all ages and 800 unparasitized aphids. Mainly alate aphids and adult parasites could escape from the cage, which was placed in the center of the house. The parasites controlled the aphid population, which nevertheless became fairly high on a few plants. The introduced parasite/ host ratio, which was about 1 mummy/10 aphids, was accordingly considered as marginal.



Both in house B and C, a population of aphids and parasites were maintained throughout the season (June-October 1977).



The yield of paprika was about equal in house B and C, in spite of that the maximum aphid density in house C was about 6 times as high as in house B.



Zusammenfassung

Verschiedene Methoden der Ansiedlung der Schlupfwespe Ephedrus cerasicola Starý zur biologischen Bekampfung der Blattlaus Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in kleinen Paprika-Gewachshausern



In 3 kleinen Glashausern (A, B und C) mit je etwa 20 Paprika-Pflanzen, wurde an jede Pflanze 1 vivipare weibliche Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hom., Aphididae) zu Beginn der Experimente im Juni angesetzt. In Glashaus A wurden keine Parasiten eingefuhrt. Die Aphidenpopulation wuchs hier exponentiell (y = 0.807 · e0.25x) und die Pflanzen verwelkten innerhalb von 1 1/2 Monaten.



In das Glashaus B wurden frischgeschlupfte Ephedrus cerasicola Starý (Hym., Aphidiidae) dreimal eingesetzt, jedesmal 1 ♀ und 1 ♂ per Pflanze. Das Verhaltnis Parasit/Wirt war 1/1, 1/10 und 1/50 (nur weibliche Parasiten gezahlt). Die Parasiten hielten hier die Aphidenpopulation in Schach.



In das Glashaus C wurden E. cerasicola Mumien einmal eingesetzt an einer “banker” Pflanze mit 83 Mumien sowie 800 nichtparasitierten Aphiden. Das Verhaltnis Parasit/Wirt (etwa 1 Mumie/10 Aphiden) befand sich hier an der obersten Grenze. Die maximale Aphidenpopulation im Glashaus C war sechsmal groser als im Glashaus B, trotzdem war die Paprika-Produktion in beiden Glashausern gleich hoch.

Different introduction methods of Ephedrus cerasicola Starý to control Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in small paprika glasshouses

The green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea Steph. (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), used to control the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulz., and the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Homoptera, Aphididae), on greenhouse green peppers

U. Tulisalo

Papers

The green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea Steph. (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), used to control the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulz., and the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Homoptera, Aphididae), on greenhouse green peppers