An Introduction to Codes and Coding Chapter Summary Purposes of the Manual What Is a Code? Codifying and Categorizing What Gets Coded? The Mechanics of Coding The Numbers of Codes Manual and CAQDAS Coding Solo and Team Coding Necessary Personal Attributes for Coding On Method Writing Analytic Memos Chapter Summary The Purposes of Analytic Memo-Writing What Is an Analytic Memo? Examples of Analytic Memos Coding and Categorizing Analytic Memos Grounded Theory and Its Coding Canon Analytic Memos on Visual Data First-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Coding Cycles Selecting the Appropriate Coding Method(s) Overview of First-Cycle Coding Methods The Coding Methods Profiles Grammatical Methods Elemental Methods Affective Methods Literary and Language Methods Exploratory Methods Forms for Additional First-Cycle Coding Methods Theming the Data Procedural Methods After First-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding Transitions Eclectic Coding Code Mapping and Landscaping Operational Model Diagramming Additional Transition Methods Transitioning to Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Goals of Second-Cycle Methods Overview of Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Forms for Additional Second-Cycle Coding Methods After Second-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding and Pre-Writing Transitions Focusing Strategies From Coding to Theorizing Formatting Matters Writing about Coding Ordering and Re-Ordering Assistance from Others Closure Appendix A: A Glossary of Coding Methods Appendix B: A Glossary of Analytic Recommendations Appendix C: Field Note, Interview Transcript and Document Samples for Coding Appendix D: Exercises and Activities for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development References Index

The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an increasingly popular approach to qualitative inquiry. This handy text covers its theoretical foundations and provides a detailed guide to conducting IPA research.

Extended worked examples from the authors' own studies in health, sexuality, psychological distress and identity illustrate the breadth and depth of IPA research.

Each of the chapters also offers a guide to other good exemplars of IPA research in the designated area. The final section of the book considers how IPA connects with other contemporary qualitative approaches like discourse and narrative analysis and how it addresses issues to do with validity. The book is written in an accessible style and will be extremely useful to students and researchers in psychology and related disciplines in the health and social sciences.

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research

The Framework Method is becoming an increasingly popular approach to the management and analysis of qualitative data in health research. However, there is confusion about its potential application and limitations. The article discusses when it is appropriate to adopt the Framework Method and explains the procedure for using it in multi-disciplinary health research teams, or those that involve clinicians, patients and lay people. The stages of the method are illustrated using examples from a published study. Used effectively, with the leadership of an experienced qualitative researcher, the Framework Method is a systematic and flexible approach to analysing qualitative data and is appropriate for use in research teams even where not all members have previous experience of conducting qualitative research.

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Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research

A number of issues can affect sample size in qualitative research; however, the guiding principle should be the concept of saturation. This has been explored in detail by a number of authors but is still hotly debated, and some say little understood. A sample of PhD studies using qualitative approaches, and qualitative interviews as the method of data collection was taken from theses.com and contents analysed for their sample sizes. Five hundred and sixty studies were identified that fitted the inclusion criteria. Results showed that the mean sample size was 31; however, the distribution was non-random, with a statistically significant proportion of studies, presenting sample sizes that were multiples of ten. These results are discussed in relation to saturation. They suggest a pre-meditated approach that is not wholly congruent with the principles of qualitative research.

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Sample Size and Saturation in PhD Studies Using Qualitative Interviews

BOOK REVIEW: Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis Kathy Charmaz, 2006, 208 pp. London: Sage. ISBN 2005928035

Constructing grounded theory : A practical guide through qualitative analysis

Purpose The aim of the study was to explore and gain an understanding of patients' views on their periodontal conditions, their perceived impact of periodontitis on daily life, as well as their attitudes to oral health and expectations of treatment. Materials and methods The study subjects were patients with chronic periodontitis, who had been referred to a specialist clinic. The constant comparative method for grounded theory was used to collect and analyse the data. Audiotaped, open-ended interviews were conducted after periodontal examination, but before treatment. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and consecutively analysed in hierarchical coding processes and continued until saturation was reached (n = 17). In the analysis, a conceptual model that outlined the steps involved in the diagnosis of periodontitis was generated. The core concept of the model, keeping up appearance and self-esteem, was related to the following four additional categories and their dimensions; doing what you have to do--trying to live up to the norm, suddenly having a shameful and disabling disease, feeling deserted and in the hands of an authority, and investing all in a treatment with an unpredictable outcome. Results The results illustrated that subjects diagnosed with chronic periodontitis felt ashamed and were willing to invest all they had in terms of time, effort and financial resources to become healthy and to maintain their self-esteem. However, they perceived a low degree of control over treatment decisions and treatment outcome. Conclusions The results demonstrate the vulnerability of patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and emphasise the importance of communication in dentistry.

Patients' views on periodontal disease; attitudes to oral health and expectancy of periodontal treatment: a qualitative interview study.

As children and adolescents with disabilities may be difficult to treat, there is a risk that the disability may constitute a barrier preventing these children from receiving good odontological tre...

Dental health professionals' treatment of children with disabilities: a qualitative study.

Oral health problems are reported more frequently in children with disabilities, but the reasons for this are not fully known. The present study was conducted to illuminate and to gain a deeper understanding of the possible barriers preventing children with disabilities from receiving oral health care on the same premise as others. Transcribed in-depth interviews with 65 informants (14 parents, 18 dental health-care professionals, 17 medical health-care professionals, and 16 individuals with disabilities) were analysed in open, axial, and selective coding processes according to Grounded Theory. The results showed that no-one seems to take an overriding responsibility for the oral health of young patients with disabilities. This was described in a formal theory showing that defective knowledge about importance of oral health, limited ability to focus on oral health, and uncertainty in treating the unknown in patients, family, and dental and medical health-care professionals result in a situation in which oral health is left out in young patients with disabilities; it is not a priority issue.

Oral health -- not a priority issue a grounded theory analysis of barriers for young patients with disabilities to receive oral health care on the same premise as others.

Objective. To explore how malocclusions affect daily life in adolescents and how adolescents cope with malocclusion-related distress. Materials and methods. Twelve strategically selected teenagers, seven girls and five boys aged 13–14 years, participated in this study. Open, tape-recorded in-depth interviews based on Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were performed using a theme guide and analyzed according to the qualitative method of classic grounded theory (GT). Results. A core category was identified and named ‘Repeatedly reminded of the malocclusion'. Associated to the core category, five categories were generated and labeled ‘Being directed by the media's ideal image', ‘Monitoring others' teeth', ‘Struggling with low self-esteem', ‘Hiding one's teeth' and ‘Striving for cure'. Low self-esteem appeared to be frequently reinforced through the concerns for the malocclusion and handled via different coping strategies, such as hiding the teeth and striving to receive orthodontic treatment. Such proce...

Ulrika Hallberg

Papers

Constructing grounded theory : A practical guide through qualitative analysis

Patients' views on periodontal disease; attitudes to oral health and expectancy of periodontal treatment: a qualitative interview study.

Dental health professionals' treatment of children with disabilities: a qualitative study.

Oral health -- not a priority issue a grounded theory analysis of barriers for young patients with disabilities to receive oral health care on the same premise as others.

Daily life impact of malocclusion in Swedish adolescents: a grounded theory study.